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LDRR > Final Exam Prep > Flashcards

Final Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

When blood sugar levels are high, the pancreas does what?

A

Releases insulin

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2
Q

When blood sugar levels are low, the…

A

pancreas releases glucagon

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3
Q

Diabetes occurs when

A

the beta cells of the pancreas either stop producing or do not produce enough of the hormone insulin

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4
Q

Because there is not enough insulin, there is a low absorption of ______________ by the body’s cells

A

when there isn’t enough insulin,
There’s a low absorption of glucose in the body

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5
Q

What is the result of when there is insulin resistance or when there is a low absorption of glucose by the body’s cells?

A

high blood glucose levels, and a spillover of excess glucose into the urine.

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6
Q

What is insulin resistance?

A

Insulin resistance is when the body can’t make use of the available insulin.

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7
Q

What is it called where someone has high blood glucose levels?

A

hyperglycemia

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8
Q

Prediabetes is also called…

A

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)

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9
Q

What is the mortality rate of Diabetes in 2023?

A

102,242 (8th leading cause of death)
75,578 in 2016

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10
Q

What is the prevalence of diabetes in the US?

A

Prevalence of diabetes in the US: 11.3% of the population with a total of 37.3 million children and adults

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11
Q

How many people who have diabetes are diagnosed?

A

The number of people who have diabetes that are diagnosed is 28.7 million

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12
Q

How many of those who have diabetes are undiagnosed?

A

Those who have diabetes that are undiagnosed total 8.6 million

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13
Q

What is the incidence rate of Diabetes?

A

1.5 million new cases per year

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14
Q

How many people, 18 or older have prediabetes?

A

96 million people (38% of adults)

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15
Q

How many of those that are 65 or older have prediabetes?

A

26.4 million people (48.8%)

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16
Q

What are the three ways that Type 1 Diabetes is also referred to as?

A

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), Type 1, and Juvenile Onset Diabetes

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17
Q

Which type of diabetes is considered to be an auto-immune disease?

A

Type 1 is considered to be an auto-immune disease

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18
Q

What percent of diabetics have Type 1

A

5-10%

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19
Q

When does the peak incidence rate occur for type 1 diabetes?

A

During puberty (10-12 in girls/12-14 in boys)

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20
Q

In which race group is type 1 diabetes most prevalent in? Is prevalence increasing, decreasing, or not changing?

A

Caucasians, prevalence is not increasing

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21
Q

What are the other two names that Type 2 diabetes is referred to as?

A

Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), and Adult or Maturity Onset Diabetes

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22
Q

What precent of diabetics have type 2?

A

90-95% of all diabetics have type 2

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23
Q

What are the four main complications that may occur with diabetes?

A

CVD, Nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy.

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24
Q

What can complications from diabetes lead to?

A

Amputations of lower limbs, impotence, perinatal (around the time of birth) mortality and morbidity,

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25
Q

The vast majority of diabetics have either Type 1 or Type 2. Which 2 other types are less prevalent?

A

Gestational Diabetes (GDM) and Latent Auto Immune Diabetes of the Adult (LADA)

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26
Q

Gestational Diabetes occurs in about _______% of all pregnancies.

A

Gestational Diabetes occurs in about (FOUR) 4% of all pregnancies.

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27
Q

When gestational diabetes occurs, it’s because pregnancy hormones can block _________ from doing its job

A

When gestational diabetes occurs, it’s because pregnancy hormones can block INSULIN from doing its job

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28
Q

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is also known as: __________________ and insulin is very _____ at diagnoses

A

TYPE 1.5, insulin is very LOW

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29
Q

What are the 8 symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, cessation of growth, irritability, fatigue/drowsiness, coma

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30
Q

What are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?

A

Polyuria: excessive urination
Polydipsia- excessive thirst
Polyphagia- excessive eating

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31
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 2 is often asymptomatic, but can exhibit any of the symptoms for type 1 plus:
Frequent infections, blurred vision, cuts/bruises that are slow to heal, tingling/numbness in hands or feet, recurring skin, gum, bladder infections, UTI’s or vaginal infections

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32
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for Fasting Plasma Glucose for diagnoses of Diabetes?

A

A value more than or equal to 126 mg/dL

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33
Q

What is a normal and impaired fasting plasma glucose level?

A

Normal= <100 mg/dL
Impaired= 100-125 mg/dL (also called prediabetes)

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34
Q

Give the values for an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

A

Normal= Less than 140 mg/dL
Impaired glucose tolerance= 140-199 mg/dL (prediabetes)
Diagnostic Criteria= More than or equal to 200 mg/dL

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35
Q

Give the values for Hemoglobin (A1C)

A

Normal <5.7%
Impaired= 5.7-6.4% (also called prediabetes)
Diagnostic criteria = More than or equal to 6.5%

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36
Q

What are two main things that are monitored for diabetes?

A

Blood glucose and Hemoglobin A1C

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37
Q

What is Hemoglobin A1C also called, and what is it?

A

It is also called a glycosylated hemoglobin or AC1. It is a blood test where an average blood glucose concentration over a period of 2-3 hours is measured.

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38
Q

What is the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendation for a hemoglobin A1C percent?

A

The recommended percent is to be <7%, anything over 8% indicates poor glucose control

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39
Q

What are the two risk factors for Type 1 diabetes?

A

Family history and race (Caucasian)

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40
Q

What percent of of individuals with Type 2 diabetes need insulin?

A

40%

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41
Q

What are the two treatment goals for diabetes?

A

Control of blood glycose (A1C of <7.0%) and postponing/delaying medical complications

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42
Q

What are the 5 principle approaches for treatment of diabetes?

A

self monitoring of blood glycose (SMBG), drugs, diet, exercise, and patient education

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43
Q

What percent of type 2 diabetes can be controlled with diet and exercise?

A

-80% Type 2 can be controlled with diet and exercise

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44
Q

List the 5 dietary approaches for helping with diabetes

A

Moderate fat, low simple sugars and high in complex carbs, moderate in proteins, limited alcohol intake, increased intake of vitamin D and Magnesium

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45
Q

For diabetics, simple sugars should be replaced by

A

For diabetics, simple sugars should be replaced by MUFA

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46
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

The glycemic index is the rise of blood glucose following ingestion of food as a percentage

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47
Q

for diabetics, what should the percent of protein be regarding total daily energy intake?

A

for diabetics, 15-20% of should make up the total daily energy intake

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48
Q

Does increased intake of vitamin D and magnesium increase, decrease, or not change the risk for T2DM?

A

Increased intake of vitamin D and magnesium decreases the risk for T2DM

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49
Q

Does exercise increase, decrease or have no effect on: Obesity, insulin resistance, and risk for CVD?

A

Exercise decreases obesity, insulin resistance, and risk for CVD`

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50
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

By putting weight (kg), over height (m^2)

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51
Q

what does waist to hip ratio indicate?

A

Regional distribution of fat (or fat body pattern) The two types are upper body/android obesity, and lower body/gynoid obesity

52
Q

what is the high risk criteria for men and women with regards to waist circumference?

A

For men: >102 cm (about 40 inches)
For women: >88 cm (about 35 inches)

53
Q

What is body composition?

A

Refers to fat weight (fat mass) expressed as a percentage of total body weight

54
Q

What percentage of water is Fat mass?

A

14-22%

55
Q

What % water is Fat free mass, and what is it made up of?

A

Fat free mass is 70-80%, made up of water, protein, and mineral components

56
Q

What is the estimated number of annual deaths that can be attributed to obesity among US adults?

A

280,000

57
Q

What is the relationship between BMI and excess mortality? When is the risk low? When it is the highest risk?

A

the relationship is a curvilinear increase in excess mortality with rising BMI. This risk is low with a BMI of 25 to 30 and increases as BMI increase. The highest risk is seen with BMI’s above 40

58
Q

Obesity leads to increased Incidence of….

A

CHD/CAD (MI), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), PVD/PAD, AS, HTN, and dyslipidemia

59
Q

Those who are obese are more likely to have…

A

Higher total cholesterol, Higher LDL, lower HDL, higher TG

60
Q

Obese men had higher mortality rates for cancer of the:

A

colon and rectum, and prostate

61
Q

Obese women had higher mortality rates for cancers of the

A

Gallbladder, bile ducts, breast, uterus and ovaries

62
Q

What are other problems that can occur with obesity?

A

Respiratory problems, sleep apnea, infertility, complications of pregnancy, menstrual irregularity, gallbladder disease, carpal tunnel, and hormonal problems.

63
Q

What are the 2 main lab methods and field methods for measuring body composition?

A

2 main lab methods: hydrostatic weighing and Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
2 main field methods: Skinfolds and Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

64
Q

What is NHANES?

A

National health and nutrition examination survey that does physical/physiological exams

65
Q

What is BRFSS?

A

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which is where data is collected through phone

66
Q

What percentage of adults are obese according to the CDC?

A

41.9% of adults are obese according to the CDC

67
Q

According to the CDC, what % of adults are either overweight or obese?

A

73.6% of adults are obese or overweight according to the CDC

68
Q

What precent of adults are either normal body weight or underweight according to the CDC?

A

26.4% are either normal body weight or underweight according to the CDC

69
Q

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the underweight category? What is the disease risk?

A

<18.5, increased risk

70
Q

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the normal category? What is the disease risk?

A

18.5-24.9, normal

71
Q

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the overweight category? What is the disease risk?

A

25-29.9, increased

72
Q

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 1 obesity category? What is the disease risk?

A

30.0-34.9, high

73
Q

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 2 obesity category? What is the disease risk?

A

35-39.9, very high

74
Q

For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 3 (extreme obesity) category? What is the disease risk?

A

anything equal to or above 40, extremally high

75
Q

Energy balance is a complex interaction between…

A

energy intake and energy expenditure

76
Q

The body’s ideal weight thermostat is located where?

A

The hypothalamus

77
Q

What is secreted by adipose tissue to decrease appetite?

A

Leptin

78
Q

If there is a defective leptin receptor, then the risk for obesity…

A

Increases

79
Q

How many excess kilocalories does it take to store 1 pound of adipose tissue?

A

3,500

80
Q

Alcohol contains how many kcals?

A

7kcal

81
Q

What was the purpose of the Bouchard study?

A

To examine differences in responses of different persons to long-term overfeeding

82
Q

What subjects were apart of the bouchard study?

A

12 pairs of young adult male identical (monozygotic) twins

83
Q

What were the methods of the bouchard study?

A

Subjects were overfed by 1000 kcal per days for 84 days during a 100 day period

84
Q

What was the conclusion of the bouchard study?

A

A comparable surplus of energy doesnt cause identical Reponses with respect to body weight, body comp, or regional distribution of fat.

85
Q

According to NHLBI guidelines, the treatment to lose weight is to do what to caloric intake and expenditure

A

Decrease caloric intake and increase caloric expenditure. (or do both)

86
Q

How many pounds should your goal be to lose per week?

A

1-2 pounds per week or 1% of total body weight per week.

87
Q

How many calories per day falls into the moderate deficit calorie diet?

A

> or equal to 1,200 kcal/day for women
or equal to 1,400 kcal/day for men

88
Q

How many calories per day falls into the low calorie diet?

A

800-1,200 kcal/day for women
800-1,400 kcal/day for men

89
Q

How many calories per day falls into the very low calorie diet?

A

less than or equal to 800 kcal per day for men and women

90
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

energy utilized at rest

91
Q

How do you find BMR?

A

1.0 kcal/min * 60 (mins) * 24 hours= 1,440 kcal/day

92
Q

What is the average BMR of females and males?

A

For females: 1,400 kcal/day
Males: 1,800kcal/day

93
Q

What is the thermic effect of food? (TEF)

A

Energy expended to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize and store food

94
Q

What is the total daily expenditure equation?

A

TDEE= RMR+TEF+ PA/Ex

95
Q

How much does BMR decrease per decade after age 30?

A

1-2%

96
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in the united states?

A

Cancer

97
Q

How many new cases of cancer occur each year?

A

200,000 new cases

98
Q

What is the lifetime risk for developing cancer within men and women?

A

50% for males, and 33% for females

99
Q

What percent of cancers are diagnosed in persons 55 and older?

A

77%

100
Q

Cancer is a large group of over 100 diseases characterized by what?

A

Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

101
Q

The study of cancer is called

A

Oncology

102
Q

Cancers cause death by interfering with the vital functions of normal cells which leads to

A

Cachexia (general wasting and weight loss)

103
Q

Groups of abnormal and unregulated cells are called

A

tumors or neoplasms

104
Q

Malignant and cancerous means…

A

fast growing and can spread

105
Q

Carcinogenesis is a long process which goes through what three stages?

A

Initiation, promotion and progression

106
Q

__________________ is the spread of cancerous cells throughout the body

A

metastasis

107
Q

If the cancer cells have not spread from layer of cells where they have developed, the cancer can be described as

A

in situ

108
Q

________ are found in the surface cells of the skin, breasts, lungs, urinary, reproductive, and gastrointestinal tracts and glands of the body

A

Carcinomas

109
Q

Carcinomas account for about what percent of all cancers?

A

80-90%

110
Q

__________________ are found in the melanin producing cells of the skin, placenta, ovaries and testes

A

melanomas

111
Q

What cancer type is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland?

A

Lymphomas

112
Q

What type of cancers are found in the bone marrow?

A

Leukemias

113
Q

What type of cancers are found in the connective tissue, bone, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and muscle

A

Sarcomas

114
Q

Sputum cytology is a screening used for which cancer

A

lung

115
Q

The FOBT would be used to screen for:

A

colon and rectal cancer

116
Q

In the US cancer results in about ________ deaths per year:

A

600,000

117
Q

The most common form of cancers are:

A

carcinomas

118
Q

The five year survival rate for lung cancer is:

A

21%

119
Q

In the US which cancer causes most deaths:

A

lung

120
Q

The spread of cancerous cells is called:

A

Metastasis

121
Q

The five year survival rate for breast cancer is:

A

85%

122
Q

The FDA had concerns that the artificial sweetener saccharin may increase cancer risk so they removed it from the ______ list:

A

GRAS

123
Q

Exposure to which gas has been shown to increase cancer risk:

A

Radon

124
Q

The ABCD acronym is used to screen for skin cancer. The letters stand for:

A

asymmetry, border, color, diameter

125
Q

What is an example of a cruciferous vegetable:

A

Broccoli

LDRR (7 decks)

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