Quiz #5 Flashcards
How do you calculate BMI?
By putting weight (kg), over height (m^2)
How do you get pounds to Kg?
Divide by 2.2
How do you get inches to meters
Multiply by 0.0254
What is waist to hip ratio
Circumference at waist divided by circumference at hips
what does waist to hip ratio indicate?
Regional distribution of fat (or fat body pattern) The two types are upper body/android obesity, and lower body/gynoid obesity
Waist circumference provides a what of risk for chronic disease?
Excellent predictor of risk for chronic disease
what is the high risk criteria for men and women with regards to waist circumference?
For men: >102 cm (about 40 inches)
For women: >88 cm (about 35 inches)
What is body composition?
Refers to fat weight (fat mass) expressed as a percentage of total body weight
What is the two component model for body composition?
Fat mass (FM)- all extractable lipid, and Fat free mass (FFM)/Lean Body mass (LBM)
What percentage of water is Fat mass?
14-22%
What % water is Fat free mass, and what is it made up of?
Fat free mass is 70-80%, made up of water, protein, and mineral components
What percentage of males are considered obese by NHANES data?
32.2%
What percentage of females are considered obese by NHANES data?
35%
When were the health hazards of obesity first officially recognized by NIH?
1985
What is the estimated number of annual deaths that can be attributed to obesity among US adults?
280,000
What is the relationship between BMI and excess mortality? When is the risk low? When it is the highest risk?
the relationship is a curvilinear increase in excess mortality with rising BMI. This risk is low with a BMI of 25 to 30 and increases as BMI increase. The highest risk is seen with BMI’s above 40
Obesity leads to increased Incidence of….
CHD/CAD (MI), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), PVD/PAD, AS, HTN, and dyslipidemia
Those who are obese are more likely to have…
Higher total cholesterol, Higher LDL, lower HDL, higher TG
Obese men had higher mortality rates for cancer of the:
colon and rectum, and prostate
Obese women had higher mortality rates for cancers of the
Gallbladder, bile ducts, breast, uterus and ovaries
What are other problems that can occur with obesity?
Respiratory problems, sleep apnea, infertility, complications of pregnancy, menstrual irregularity, gallbladder disease, carpal tunnel, and hormonal problems.
Better to be “fit and _____” than “unfit and ____”. What is this called?
Better to be fit and fat, than unfit and lean. This is often referred to as fitness versus fatness debate
What are the 2 main lab methods and field methods for measuring body composition?
2 main lab methods: hydrostatic weighing and Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
2 main field methods: Skinfolds and Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
What is NHANES?
National health and nutrition examination survey that does physical/physiological exams
What is BRFSS?
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which is where data is collected through phone
Why is the prevalence in obesity lower with BRFSS?
Most likely because people are not being 100% honest with obesity rates through the phone
What percentage of adults are obese according to the CDC?
41.9% of adults are obese according to the CDC
According to the CDC, what % of adults are either overweight or obese?
73.6% of adults are obese or overweight according to the CDC
What precent of adults are either normal body weight or underweight according to the CDC?
26.4% are either normal body weight or underweight according to the CDC
For the classification of BMI, what falls into the underweight category? What is the disease risk?
<18.5, increased risk
For the classification of BMI, what falls into the normal category? What is the disease risk?
18.5-24.9, normal
For the classification of BMI, what falls into the overweight category? What is the disease risk?
25-29.9, increased
For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 1 obesity category? What is the disease risk?
30.0-34.9, high
For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 2 obesity category? What is the disease risk?
35-39.9, very high
For the classification of BMI, what falls into the class 3 (extreme obesity) category? What is the disease risk?
anything equal to or above 40, extremally high
Energy balance is a complex interaction between…
energy intake and energy expenditure
The body’s ideal weight thermostat is located where?
The hypothalamus
Genetic influences contribute to most, if not all, cases of typical obesity and all cases of severe obesity. True or False?
True
What is secreted by adipose tissue to decrease appetite?
Leptin
If there is a defective leptin receptor, then the risk for obesity…
Increases
How many excess kilocalories does it take to store 1 pound of adipose tissue?
3,500
Is fat more easily stored than CHO or protein?
Yes
Alcohol contains how many kcals?
7 kcal
What was the purpose of the Bouchard study?
To examine differences in responses of different persons to long-term overfeeding
What subjects were apart of the bouchard study?
12 pairs of young adult male identical (monozygotic) twins
What were the methods of the bouchard study?
Subjects were overfed by 1000 kcal per days for 84 days during a 100 day period
What was the conclusion of the bouchard study?
A comparable surplus of energy doesnt cause identical Reponses with respect to body weight, body comp, or regional distribution of fat.
According to NHLBI guidelines, the treatment to lose weight is to do what to caloric intake and expenditure
Decrease caloric intake and increase caloric expenditure. (or do both)
How many pounds should your goal be to lose per week?
1-2 pounds per week or 1% of total body weight per week.
How many calories per day falls into the moderate deficit calorie diet?
> or equal to 1,200 kcal/day for women
or equal to 1,400 kcal/day for men
How many calories per day falls into the low calorie diet?
800-1,200 kcal/day for women
800-1,400 kcal/day for men
How many calories per day falls into the very low calorie diet?
less than or equal to 800 kcal per day for men and women
What is basal metabolic rate?
Energy utilized at complete rest
What is the less strict version of BMR?
Resting metabolic rate or (RMR)
How do you find BMR?
1.0 kcal/min * 60 (mins) * 24 hours= 1,440 kcal/day
What is the average BMR of females and males?
For females: 1,400 kcal/day
Males: 1,800kcal/day
What is the thermic effect of food? (TEF)
Energy expended to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize and store food
What is the total daily expenditure equation?
TDEE= RMR+TEF+ PA/Ex
How much does BMR decrease per decade after age 30?
1-2%
