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LDRR > Quiz #4 > Flashcards

Quiz #4 Flashcards

1
Q

When blood sugar levels are high, the pancreas does what?

A

Releases insulin

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2
Q

When blood sugar levels are low, the…

A

pancreas releases glucagon

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3
Q

Diabetes occurs when

A

the beta cells of the pancreas either stop producing or do not produce enough of the hormone insulin

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4
Q

Because there is not enough insulin, there is a low absorption of ______________ by the body’s cells

A

when there isn’t enough insulin,
There’s a low absorption of glucose in the body

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5
Q

What is the result of when there is insulin resistance or when there is a low absorption of glucose by the body’s cells?

A

high blood glucose levels, and a spillover of excess glucose into the urine.

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6
Q

What is insulin resistance?

A

Insulin resistance is when the body can’t make use of the available insulin.

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7
Q

What is it called where someone has high blood glucose levels?

A

hyperglycemia

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8
Q

When does prediabetes occur?

A

Prediabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

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9
Q

Prediabetes is also called…

A

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)

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10
Q

What is the mortality rate of Diabetes in 2023?

A

102,242 (8th leading cause of death)
75,578 in 2016

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11
Q

What is the prevalence of diabetes in the US?

A

Prevalence of diabetes in the US: 11.3% of the population with a total of 37.3 million children and adults

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12
Q

How many people who have diabetes are diagnosed?

A

The number of people who have diabetes that are diagnosed is 28.7 million

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13
Q

How many of those who have diabetes are undiagnosed?

A

Those who have diabetes that are undiagnosed total 8.6 million

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14
Q

What is the incidence rate of Diabetes?

A

1.5 million new cases per year

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15
Q

How many people, 18 or older have prediabetes?

A

96 million people (38% of adults)

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16
Q

How many of those that are 65 or older have prediabetes?

A

26.4 million people (48.8%)

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17
Q

What are the three ways that Type 1 Diabetes is also referred to as?

A

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), Type 1, and Juvenile Onset Diabetes

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18
Q

Which type of diabetes is considered to be an auto-immune disease?

A

Type 1 is considered to be an auto-immune disease

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19
Q

What percent of diabetics have Type 1

A

5-10%

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20
Q

True or False: type 1 diabetes symptoms typically appear abruptly.

A

True: type 1 diabetes symptoms typically appear abruptly

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21
Q

When does the peak incidence rate occur for type 1 diabetes?

A

During puberty (10-12 in girls/12-14 in boys)

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22
Q

Match the description to the type of diabetes: little or no insulin is produced, fat is used for energy and ketones are produced (ketoacidosis)

A

type 1 diabetes

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23
Q

In which race group is type 1 diabetes most prevalent in? Is prevalence increasing, decreasing, or not changing?

A

Caucasians, prevalence is not increasing

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24
Q

What are the other two names that Type 2 diabetes is referred to as?

A

Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), and Adult or Maturity Onset Diabetes

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25
Q

What precent of diabetics have type 2?

A

90-95% of all diabetics have type 2

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26
Q

In type 2 diabetes, symptoms usually appear ___________ and in people over the age of ___________________, and usually occurs in people who are ____________

A

n type 2 diabetes, symptoms usually appear GRADUALLY and in people over the age of 40, and usually occurs in people who are OBESE.

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27
Q

Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in higher rates within what race groups?

A

Native Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics

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28
Q

Is the prevalence rate for type 2 diabetes increasing, decreasing, or staying the same?

A

The prevalence is increasing

29
Q

What are the four main complications that may occur with diabetes?

A

CVD, Nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy.

30
Q

What is nephropathy?

A

Kidney disease

31
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is the leading cause of: ___________, which would cause a patient to need ________ or a _______to live. Diabetes is also the leading cause of _______________.

A

End stage renal disease, which would cause a patient to need dialysis or a transplant to live. Diabetes is also the leading cause of blindness.

32
Q

What is retinopathy?

A

Eye disease

33
Q

What is neuropathy?

A

A nervous system disease

34
Q

What can complications from diabetes lead to?

A

Amputations of lower limbs, impotence, perinatal (around the time of birth) mortality and morbidity,

35
Q

The vast majority of diabetics have either Type 1 or Type 2. Which 2 other types are less prevalent?

A

Gestational Diabetes (GDM) and Latent Auto Immune Diabetes of the Adult (LADA)

36
Q

Gestational Diabetes occurs in about _______% of all pregnancies.

A

Gestational Diabetes occurs in about (FOUR) 4% of all pregnancies.

37
Q

Gestational Diabetes is usually a _________ condition.

A

Transient (only occurs for a short time)

38
Q

When gestational diabetes occurs, it’s because pregnancy hormones can block _________ from doing its job

A

When gestational diabetes occurs, it’s because pregnancy hormones can block INSULIN from doing its job

39
Q

Does your risk for Type 2 diabetes increase or decrease when you have Gestational diabetes?

A

Increases

40
Q

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is also known as: __________________ and insulin is very _____ at diagnoses

A

TYPE 1.5, insulin is very LOW

41
Q

What are the 8 symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, cessation of growth, irritability, fatigue/drowsiness, coma

42
Q

What are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?

A

Polyuria: excessive urination
Polydipsia- excessive thirst
Polyphagia- excessive eating

43
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 2 is often asymptomatic, but can exhibit any of the symptoms for type 1 plus:
Frequent infections, blurred vision, cuts/bruises that are slow to heal, tingling/numbness in hands or feet, recurring skin, gum, bladder infections, UTI’s or vaginal infections

44
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for Fasting Plasma Glucose for diagnoses of Diabetes?

A

A value more than or equal to 126 mg/dL

45
Q

What is a normal and impaired fasting plasma glucose level?

A

Normal= <100 mg/dL
Impaired= 100-125 mg/dL (also called prediabetes)

46
Q

Give the values for an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

A

Normal= Less than 140 mg/dL
Impaired glucose tolerance= 140-199 mg/dL (prediabetes)
Diagnostic Criteria= More than or equal to 200 mg/dL

47
Q

Give the values for Hemoglobin (A1C)

A

Normal <5.7%
Impaired= 5.7-6.4% (also called prediabetes)
Diagnostic criteria = More than or equal to 6.5%

48
Q

What are two main things that are monitored for diabetes?

A

Blood glucose and Hemoglobin A1C

49
Q

What is Hemoglobin A1C also called, and what is it?

A

It is also called a glycosylated hemoglobin or AC1. It is a blood test where an average blood glucose concentration over a period of 2-3 hours is measured.

50
Q

What is the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendation for a hemoglobin A1C percent?

A

The recommended percent is to be <7%, anything over 8% indicates poor glucose control

51
Q

What are the two risk factors for Type 1 diabetes?

A

Family history and race (Caucasian)

52
Q

True or false: there are more risk factors for type two diabetes as compared to type 1

A

True, some of these risk factors include: family history, race (not including Caucasian), metabolic syndrome, physical inactivity, low HDL/High TG/ HTN, etc

53
Q

As the prevalence of obesity has increased in America, the prevalence of diabetes has____________________. This is termed as what two things?

A

As the prevalence of obesity has increased in America, the prevalence of diabetes has INCREASED. This is termed as “the obesity epidemic” or “the diabesity epidemic”

54
Q

An active lifestyle/physical activity prevents the dysregulation in ___________________

A

An active lifestyle/physical activity prevents the dysregulation IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS

55
Q

What are the 6 things that influence blood glucose levels? (controllable)

A

when and what food and drinks are consumed, physical activity, location and timing of insulin injections, illness, and stress

56
Q

Who is part of the multidisciplinary team for treatment of diabetes?

A

Physician (endocrinologist or diabetologist), certified diabetes care and education specialist (CDCES), Registered Dietician, and Exercise Professional (ACSM-RCEP or ES)

57
Q

Many diabetics will give themselves insulin how many shots per day?

A

3 shots per day

58
Q

What percent of of individuals with Type 2 diabetes need insulin?

A

40%

59
Q

What are the two treatment goals for diabetes?

A

Control of blood glycose (A1C of <7.0%) and postponing/delaying medical complications

60
Q

What are the 5 principle approaches for treatment of diabetes?

A

self monitoring of blood glycose (SMBG), drugs, diet, exercise, and patient education

61
Q

What percent of type 2 diabetes can be controlled with diet and exercise?

A

-80% Type 2 can be controlled with diet and exercise

62
Q

List the 5 dietary approaches for helping with diabetes

A

Moderate fat, low simple sugars and high in complex carbs, moderate in proteins, limited alcohol intake, increased intake of vitamin D and Magnesium

63
Q

For diabetics, it’s recommended that there should be a decrease in _________ (< equal to ____% daily energy intake) and that total fat intake should be around what percent of total daily energy?

A

For diabetics, it’s recommended that there should be a decrease in SFA (< equal to 7% daily energy intake) and that total fat intake should be around 30% of total daily energy intake

64
Q

For diabetics, simple sugars should be replaced by

A

For diabetics, simple sugars should be replaced by MUFA

65
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

The glycemic index is the rise of blood glucose following ingestion of food as a percentage

66
Q

for diabetics, what should the percent of protein be regarding total daily energy intake?

A

for diabetics, 15-20% of should make up the total daily energy intake

67
Q

Does increased intake of vitamin D and magnesium increase, decrease, or not change the risk for T2DM?

A

Increased intake of vitamin D and magnesium decreases the risk for T2DM

68
Q

Does exercise increase, decrease or have no effect on: Obesity, insulin resistance, and risk for CVD?

A

Exercise decreases obesity, insulin resistance, and risk for CVD

LDRR (7 decks)

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