unit 1A - topic 7 - gender Flashcards
define sex
physical and biological differences between males and females
define gender
cultural expectations attached to a person’s sex
Some examples of stereotypical masculine norms?
Being aggressive, assertive, competitive
Some examples of stereotypical feminine norms?
Being affectionate, gentle and cooperative
biological determinism on gender
Gender is based on nature 🧬
Parsons: genetic differences between males + females create natural differences in attitudes/abilities
social constructionism on gender
gender based on nurture + socialisation
Society creates gender expectations and steers males+females in that direction
Margaret Mead - cultural flexibility 🧘♀️ of gender
Margaret Mead (1935)
Cultural flexibility 🧘♀️ of gender.
3️⃣ New Guinea 🇬🇳 tribes with DIFFERENT GENDER ROLES.
- both sexes ‘feminine’
- both sexes ‘masculine’
- reverse elf Western stereotypes
define bedroom culture
culture stereotypically followed by girls of staying indoors
McRobbie and Garber (1978)
Gender differences come from parents treating genders differently.
BOYS 👦: more freedom, less sanctions, allowed to play outdoors
GIRLS 👧: less freedom, more sanctions, bedroom 🛏 culture, media 📱= key influence
Gender based socialisation leads to PATRIARCHY
Jackson (2006)
Bedroom 🛏 culture 📉📉📉
Girls 👧 involved in violence🔪and gangs 📈📈📈
New type of assertive femininity emerging.
“Ladettes”
Sally Hines (2007)
Interviewed🎤trans 🏳️⚧️ people.
Majority (except 1☝️) had transgendered feelings in childhood/pubity.
Parents and peers viewed resistance to ascribed gender as UNACCEPTABLE 🙅
Some only found validation after cutting ties ✂️ with parents.
📺 🎶 media helped them feel part of a community (Rocky Horror Show, Lola by The Kinks)
Majority felt gender identity only legitimate AFTER MEDICAL 🧑⚕️ HELP
How does Hines define transgender?
individuals who have undergone hormone treatment or surgery to reconstruct their bodies, or who cross dress in ways that are less permanent
Name 2 sociologists highlighting the impact of media on gender
SEWELL (rap culture, hypermasculinity) 🙎🏿♂️🎶🎤
Walter (hypersexualisation, new sexism in media, living dolls) 📱🙎♀️
How does the LGBT foundation define non-binary?
identifying as either having a gender which is in between or beyond the two categories ‘man’ and ‘woman’, as fluctuating between ‘man’ and ‘woman’, or as having no gender, either permanently or sometimes
Guardian survey (2016) on gender
Millennials r increasingly challenging gender stereotypes.
Majority felt they had different views on gender to older generations 👴👵
Gender being a spectrum 🌈 has gained momentum.
Dating sites + social media 📱 (OkCupid 💘, Facebook etc) offer custom gender identities.
