unit 1A - topic 11 - disability Flashcards
define disability
impairment (physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental)
what are the two main broad approaches to understanding disability?
medical 🏥
social 👥
describe medical 🏥 model of disability
— disability = medical problem
— focuses on LIMITATIONS caused by impairment
—> may lead to DEFINING person by their disability :/
— victim blaming mentality: disability = a ‘problem’ that has to be fixed
focusses on curative diagnosis
Shakespeare 1996
medical model socialises disabled people into VICTIM MENTALITY and LEARNED HELPLESSNESS 😧
—> lack of power/control a person feels when they have a disability
Scott 1969
blind ppl after interacting w medical 🏥 professionals developed a
BLIND PERSONALITY?
—> internalised expert’s view that they should struggle to adjust and find it difficult 😣
—> learned to become dependent on sighted people bc the experts expected it
Being blind isn’t significant. but blind ppl r SOCIALISED into thinking it is: internalised LEARNED HELPLESSNESS. Disability based on social expectations + labelling 🏷
describe social model of disability
— focuses on SOCIAL and PHYSICAL barriers to inclusion within society
—> e.g. design of buildings w mobility problems 🏫🦽, discrimination
— individual is impaired, but it’s SOCIETY that DISABLES them
— SOCIAL CONSTRUCT 🏗, rests on cultural norms
— “differently abled” more respectful than “disabled”??
Erving Goffman 1963 (disability)
stigmatised identities
negative view of self internalised due to external perceptions
—> MASTER STATUS
individual may see themselves first + foremost as their impairment.
Barnes
MEDIA 📺📖 constructs disabled identity.
Either EXCLUDES disabled identities or gives NARROW STEREOTYPES:
— tragic + pitiable 😣 e.g. TINY TIM
— sinister and evil 👿 e.g. villain w FACE SCARS, LIMPS
— ‘super cripples’ 💪 seen as magical/praised for relatively ordinary things e.g. Stephen Hawking
CONSTRAINS PPL W DISABILITIES, STEREOTYPE
Murugami 2009
increased 📈 ability to CONSTRUCT A SELF-IDENTITY: accepts impairment but is independent of it
Based on what they CAN do, not can’t
Element of negotiation 🤝 available
Deaf people rejecting hearing aids, paralympians show DISABILITY NOT A BARRIER TO ACHIEVEMENT
McRuer 2013
Disabled communities seeking to change LANGUAGE around disability 💬
— reclaim of ‘crip’ by disabled people as ironic self-identification: in-group solidarity
Disabled identity should be seen IN ITS OWN RIGHT, NOT SECONDARY
CRIP THEORY:
crip=performance (assessments for benefits, disability is ‘performed’ 🎭)
‘cripping’ = highlighting underlying discrimination of apparently neutral ideas around disability
—> disabled people refuse 🙅 well-meaning interventions like government help
academics + disabled community CRITICAL of crip theory: it side-lines disability rather than making it central discussion topic?
The Disability Discrimination Act
1995
gave disabled people rights to protect
- access to shops 🛍
- right to work 🧑💻
- right to education 📚
- transport 🚏
- health services 🏥
government involvement in disabled identities
1995 Disability Discrimination Act
2010 Equality Act
introducing PARITY 🟰 OF ESTEEM between physical🩻 + mental health 🧠 (25% suffer from mental health issue)
3 examples of social advances regarding disability in UK
1918: WW1 🔫 heightens awareness of physical impairment issues (shell shock=mentally ill, lost limbs etc)
2003 BSL 🤟 officially recognised as full, independent language
2010 The Right to Control pilots: legal right giving disabled people more CHOICE and CONTROL over support for daily lives. AUTONOMY
positive representation of disability in media
2021 George Webster: 1st CBEEBIES presenter w DOWN’S SYNDROME
Netflix’s SEX EDUCATION: ISAAC, disabled actor playing disabled character w increasingly central role
