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BIOL 1410 > Unit 15: Digestive System > Flashcards

Unit 15: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main processes of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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2
Q

What are the components that make up the oral cavity?

A

Lips
Cheeks
Palate (hard/soft)
Tongue

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3
Q

There are 3 pairs of salivary glands. What are they?

A

Parotid (inferior/anterior ears)
Submandibular (floor of mouth)
Sublingual (below tongue)

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4
Q

What are the 2 types/methods of digestion?

A

Mechanical: physical breakdown (e.g. chewing)
Chemical: enzymes and secretions (e.g. stomach acid)

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5
Q

What is the uvula?

A

A projection of the posterior soft palate which rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing

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6
Q

What is it called when 1 or both parotid salivary glands are inflamed?

A

Mumps

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7
Q

Primary and secondary dentition refer to what?

A

Baby teeth (primary/deciduous) and adult teeth (secondary)

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8
Q

What makes up basic tooth structure?

A

Crown: above gum (dentin)
Root: dentin with cementum overlay
Neck: enamel and cementum boundary
Periodontal ligaments: attach to root
Root canal: CT, nerves, blood

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9
Q

What are the 4 basic layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or adventitia

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10
Q

In the musculosa externa, there are 2 layers of smooth muscle separated by a second network of nerve cells. The muscle contractions are controlled by the nerve network which causes motility. What are these 2 layers?

A

Inner circular layer (constricts lumen)
Outer longitudinal layer (shortens gut)

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11
Q

The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and most of the abdominal organs. What are the names for the individual structures that make up the serosa?

A

Visceral peritoneum:against organ wall
Parietal peritoneum: against abdominal cavity wall
Peritoneal cavity: space between parietal and visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

The peritoneal cavity is filled with _______ _______ that minimizes friction between parts of the digestive tract during motility

A

serous fluid

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13
Q

True or false: submucosa in the GI tract is made of areolar CT and contains blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve cells

A

True

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14
Q

True or false: dentin, enamel, & cementum is similar to bone and highly vascular

A

False. It is avascular, unlike bone

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15
Q

How many teeth does a child have compared to an adult?

A

A child would have 20 “baby” teeth, whereas an adult would have 32 (including wisdom teeth)

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16
Q

The tongue is attached to which bone?

A

Hyoid bone

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17
Q

The mucosa in the GI tract is made up of 3 layers: the epithelium (with numerous goblet cells), the lamina propria (containing blood/lymph vessels), and what?

A

The muscularis mucosa, which is smooth muscle that allows for movement of the mucosa

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18
Q

In what areas of the GI tract are you likely to find stratified squamous epithelium as opposed to simple columnar?

A

Stratified squamous is the epithelium in the mucosa of the esophagus and anal canal. Simple columnar epithelium is what is in the mucosa of the stomach, intestines, and rectum

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19
Q

Describe the omenta of the peritoneum, including the difference between greater and lesser

A

The omenta are 2 specialized folds made of visceral peritoneum, containing blood/lymph vessels and nerves, which serve to support and protect digestive system organs.
Greater omentum: hangs over transverse colon and small intestine
Lesser omentum: connects liver/stomach

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20
Q

What is also known as the “fatty apron”?

A

The greater omentum

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21
Q

What is the name for the folds of serosa between the posterior abdominal cavity wall and the small intestine made of a sheet of 2 fused layers of parietal peritoneum?

A

The mesentery. It is an entry and exit point for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels supplying digestive organs

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22
Q

Retroperitoneal organs are located posterior to the parietal peritoneum. What are some of these organs and what do they attach to?

A

The pancreas and duodenum are examples of retroperitoneal organs. Their anterior surface is covered by the parietal peritoneum while the posterior surface is covered by adventitia that connects the organ to the body wall

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23
Q

The muscularis externa of the esophagus is divided into 3 sections from superior to inferior. What makes up these sections?

A

Upper: skeletal muscle
Middle: skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower: smooth muscle

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24
Q

The stomach stores, partially digests, and regulates the emptying of ________ into the small intestine

A

chyme
(Combo of food and gastric juices)

25
Q

What is the difference between adventita and serosa in regards to the outer layer of the esophagus?

A

Adventitia is the outer layer within the thoracic cavity whereas serosa is the outer layer within the abdominal cavity

26
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Cardiac region (cardia): inferior esophagus
Fundus: superior to esophageal entrance
Body: middle
Pyloric region (plyorus): inferior stomach

27
Q

The ______ ______ regulates release of stomach contents into the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

28
Q

True or false: the mucosal surface of the stomach is made up of of a combination of mucous cells and serous cells

A

False. The mucosal surface is exclusively mucous cells

29
Q

The mucosal surface of the stomach has millions of gastric pits (invaginations of the epithelium) that are connected to what?

A

Underlying gastric glands, which are exocrine glands that secrete gastric juice into the gastric pits where it then enters the lumen of the stomach

30
Q

What are the types of gastric gland cells?

A

Goblet cells
Chief cells (protein and fat digestion)
Parietal cells (secrete HCl to lower pH)
G cells/enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormone into blood to regulate parietal cells and other digestive processes)

31
Q

These are visible when the stomach is empty and allows for expansion of the stomach without tearing

A

Rugae, which are folds of the mucosa and submucosa

32
Q

The muscularis externa is responsible for churning chyme and consists of 3 layers instead of 2. What are these layers?

A

Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

33
Q

True or false: the mesentery is made of 2 fused layers of parietal peritoneum

A

True. The omenta contrasts this in its make up of visceral peritoneum

34
Q

The small intestine is made up of simple columnar epithelium of 3 main types of cells. What are they?

A

Enterocytes: absorptive cells that form most of mucosa (simple columnar)
Goblet cells: secrete mucus
Enteroendocrine cells: located within intestinal glands; secrete hormones into blood to help regulate digestion

35
Q

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

36
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The short, first fold of the small intestine. It is a retroperitoneal organ with extra glands to secrete alkaline mucous to protect from stomach acid. It is also where accessory organs (e.g. pancreas) enter the digestive system

37
Q

The ileum (NOT ilium) of the small intestine is attached to caecum of the large intestine. It has groups of lymph nodules—what are they called and what do they do?

A

They are called Peyer’s patches, and they prevent infection of the small intestine and prevent bacteria from entering the blood

38
Q

Name 3 segments of the small intestine that serve to increase absorption SURFACE AREA

A

Plicae circulares: submucosa thrown into large folds
Villi: projections of mucosa into lumen
Microvilli: projections of the enterocyte cell membranes that extend into lumen

39
Q

What is the fuzzy “brush border” on the surface of the mucosa in the small intestine?

A

Microvilli

40
Q

What is contained in the villi of the small intestine?

A

Blood capillaries and lacteals (lymphatic capillaries that absorb fat)

41
Q

What 2 organs does the
ileocaecal valve connect?

A

The small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine

42
Q

What are the basic functions of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water and other nutrients
Formation & temporary storage of feces

43
Q

True or false: the large intestine has a folded mucosa surface with villi

A

False. The mucosa of the large intestine has no folds and a smooth surface

44
Q

What are the 5 parts of the large intestine?

A

Caecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

45
Q

The colon is a major part of the large intestine. What components make up the colon as a whole?

A

Ascending colon (right)
Hepatic flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic flexure
Descending colon (left)
Sigmoid colon

46
Q

A longitudinal layer of muscularis externa on the colon is reduced to 3 bands of muscle called ________.

A

taeniae coli
Contraction of the taeniae coli forms pouches called haustra

47
Q

What are the internal and external anal sphincters composed of and what purpose do they serve?

A

Internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle
External anal sphincter: skeletal muscle
They control the opening and closing of the inferior anal canal when defecating

48
Q

What are 3 organs that produce endocrine and/or exocrine secretions in the digestive process?

A

Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder

49
Q

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal accessory organ with a head, body, and tail. What type of glands does it contain and what do they produce?

A

Exocrine glands: secrete pancreatic juice (digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid) into duodenum
Endocrine glands: secrete insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar

50
Q

What 2 cell types make up the endocrine glands of the pancreas and what do they secrete?

A

Acinar cells (majority): digestive enzymes
Duct cells: alkaline fluid to
neutralize stomach acid

51
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

They form the endocrine glands of the pancreas

52
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the liver

A

Right, left, quadrate, caudate

53
Q

Liver cells are called _______.

A

hepatocytes

54
Q

Give examples of the role the liver plays in digestive roles

A

Processes, modifies, and detoxifies absorbed materials, as well as producing bile to aid in fat digestion

55
Q

This organ is a muscular sac attached to the liver which stores, concentrates, and releases bile

A

The gall bladder. It is similar to the rest of the GI tract, but no submucosa and rugae (like in the stomach)

56
Q

The abdominopelvic region is divided into quadrants, divided up the middle and across the waist. Give some examples of what organs can be found in each quadrant

A

Just some examples:
R Upper: liver, gall bladder, duodenum
R Lower: caecum, appendix, asc. colon
L Upper: stomach, spleen, L kidney
L Lower: desc. colon, sig. colon

57
Q

Blood vessels that are connected to capillary beds on both ends (not returning to the heart before reaching a second capillary bed) are called a _______ system

A

portal

58
Q

What is the name of the medical condition where stomach contents flow into the esophagus?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

59
Q

What is chloecystitis?

A

A medical condition which involves inflammation of the gall bladder often due to the blockage of cystic duct with a gall stone

BIOL 1410 (20 decks)

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