Unit 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition (developed by Fritz Heider)

Answer 2

attribution theory

Question 3

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Answer 3

attitudes

Question 4

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Answer 4

peripheral route persuasion

Question 5

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Answer 5

central route persuasion

Question 6

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 6

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Question 7

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 7

role

Question 8

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when 2 of our thoughts are inconsistent

Answer 8

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 9

in their experiment they had an actor perform certain actions (tap their foot, rub their, etc) and sure enough, the experimental subjects would mimic them

Answer 9

chameleon effect

Question 10

when we share the same mood as those around us. hence why we feel happier around happy people, sad around sad people

Answer 10

mood linkage

Question 11

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with group standard

Answer 11

conformity

Question 12

influence resulting from a person’s to gain social approval or avoid disapproved

Answer 12

normative social influence

Question 13

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Answer 13

information social influence

Question 14

the improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Answer 14

social facilitation

Question 15

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Answer 15

social loafing

Question 16

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 16

deindividualization

Question 17

enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Answer 17

group polarization

Question 18

a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives (bay of pigs)

Answer 18

groupthink

Question 19

when considering the power of the situation we must remember that sometimes humans can still act unpredictably. a single person can sway the majority and make history

Answer 19

social control vs. personal control

Question 20

the power of the minority to sway the majority

Answer 20

minority influence

Question 21

defined as the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from 1 generation to the next

Answer 21

culture

Question 22

thanks to language and being able to transmit the knowledge we can preserve it

Answer 22

preservation of innovation

Question 23

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. norms prescribe “proper” behavior

Answer 23

norm

Question 24

when we don’t understand what’s expected or accepted by a culture

Answer 24

culture shock

Question 25

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

Answer 25

prejudice

Question 26

generalized beliefs about a group of people

Answer 26

stereotypes

Question 27

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Answer 27

discrimination

Question 28

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people, therefore, get what they deserve and deserve that they get; basically good people are rewarded and bad people are punished

Answer 28

just-world phenomenon

Question 29

"us"; the people with whom we share a common identity

Answer 29

ingroup

Question 30

"them"; those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Answer 30

outgroup

Question 31

the tendency to favor our own group

Answer 31

ingroup bias

Question 32

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 32

scapegoat theory

Question 33

the idea that outgroup members seem to look and act alike

Answer 33

outgroup homogeneity

Question 34

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

Answer 34

other-race effect

Question 35

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy; behavior comes from the interaction of biology and experience

Answer 35

aggression

Question 36

controls fight or flight responses (emotion of anger)

Answer 36

amygdala

Question 37

areas regarding impulse control

Answer 37

frontal lobe

Question 38

frustration creates anger, anger creates aggression, so frustration causes anger

Answer 38

frustration-aggression principle

Question 39

these programs seek to teach youth and their parents better ways to control anger and more thoughtful approaches to moral reasoning

Answer 39

aggression-replacement program

Question 40

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Answer 40

social scripts

Question 41

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Answer 41

mere exposure effect

Question 42

we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, and we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

Answer 42

reward theory of attraction

Question 43

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Answer 43

passionate love

Question 44

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Answer 44

companionate love

Question 45

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give it

Answer 45

equity

Question 46

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Answer 46

self-disclosure

Question 47

an unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Answer 47

alturism

Question 48

when others are present we tend to not take responsibility for a situation and not act in regard for the welfare of others

Answer 48

diffusion of responsibility

Question 49

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Answer 49

bystander effect

Question 50

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Answer 50

social exchange theory

Question 51

an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped then

Answer 51

reciprocity norm

Question 52

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

Answer 52

social responsibility norm

Question 53

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Answer 53

conflict

Question 54

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Answer 54

social trap

Question 55

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Answer 55

mirror-image preceptions

Question 56

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Answer 56

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 57

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Answer 57

subordinate goals

Question 58

a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Answer 58

GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiative in Tension-reduction)