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AP Psychology > Unit 10: Personality > Flashcards

Unit 10: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

the unique and consistent pattern of behavior, thinking, and feeling that makes up an individual

A

Personality

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2
Q

a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

A

unconscious mind

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3
Q

latent and manifest content of dreams

A

dream analysis

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4
Q

thoughts, words, and images that come freely to your mind

A

free association

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5
Q

comprised of wishes, inner conflicts, and memories that we are unaware of but that still affect our behavior

A

unconscious

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6
Q

includes all of the mental processes of a person is aware of at any given moment

A

conscious awareness

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7
Q

made up of memories and info that are not presently in conscious awareness but can easily be recalled

A

preconscious awareness

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8
Q

present at birth and the unconscious portion of personality; governed by the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification.

A

id

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9
Q

emerges from the psychological energy of the id; partly conscious and represents the rational, decision-making part of personality; relies on the reality principle, which, when necessary, delays the demands and needs of the id until a more appropriate time

A

ego

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10
Q

emerges at about age five/six and represents the internal voice of reason; comparable to a person’s conscience acting as a judge/jury, if you don’t live up to the demands then you experience guilt and anxiety

A

superego

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11
Q

a defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier development stage because his or her needs were either under or over gratified during that stage

A

fixation

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12
Q

(0-1 year) the pleasure associated with the mouth; activities include putting objects in the mouth; the fixation could result in adult oral activities

A

oral stage

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13
Q

(2 years) the pleasure associated with the anal area; activities include proper toilet training; fixation could result in adult and retentive characteristics

A

anal stage

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14
Q

(3-5 years) the pleasure associated with one’s own genital areas; Oedipus complex, Electra complex, and identification

A

phallic stage

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15
Q

occurs when the son displays incestuous feelings for his mother and resistance towards his father. As a result, the boy develops castration anxiety. This arises from the thought that the father will eventually punish the boy.

A

Oedipus complex

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16
Q

occurs when the daughter questions why boys have penises and girls do not. In turn, the girl develops penis envy and starts to display incestuous feelings towards her father and resistance towards her mother.

A

Electra complex

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17
Q

when boys form an alliance with their father, who was once the enemy; imitates his father’s attitudes and values; girls do the same. THIS DEVELOPS THE SUPEREGO.

A

identification

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18
Q

(late childhood) sexual impulses lie dormant with a focus on same-sex friendships and the development of social and intellectual skills

A

latency stage

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19
Q

(adolescence) sexual impulses reemerge and emphasis is again placed on the genitals (individuals and others); activity is experimenting with loving, intimate relationships that are mutually gratifying

A

genital stage

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20
Q

the exclusion from conscious awareness of painful, unpleasant, or undesirable memory or urge

A

repression

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21
Q

providing excuses or explanations to justify thoughts or behaviors

A

rationalization

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22
Q

ascribing or assigning one’s own undesirable feelings or thoughts to others

A

projection

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23
Q

when a person behaves in a way that contradicts their actual thoughts

A

reaction formation

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24
Q

attempting to turn unacceptable thoughts or actions into socially acceptable behavior

A

sublimation

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25
Q

shifting anger and hostility to a less threatening target

A

displacement

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26
Q

trying to make up for unconscious impulses or fear

A

compensation

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26
Q

not being willing to accept the truth

A

denial

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27
Q

in times of stress, an individual’s reverting to a behavior that is associated with an earlier stage of development

A

regression

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28
Q

followers of Freud who taught and delivered his theories and ideas

A

neo-freudians

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29
Q

people have an innate desire to overcome inferiorities experienced in childhood

A

inferiority complex

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30
Q

a collection of past experiences shared by all people that are inherited from ancestors and passed from generation to generation

A

collective unconscious

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31
Q

generational symbols or themes

A

archetype

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32
Q

unstructured stimuli that are subjectively scored, based on personal interpretation; the advantage is that vague stimuli tend to reveal contents of the unconscious; the disadvantage is that individuals may interpret things differently

A

projective test

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33
Q

multiple-choice or true-false questions; the advantage is that it ensures reliability and saves time/money; the disadvantage is that people can put fake responses to answer in a way that they want to be seen as

A

objective test

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34
Q

tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

A

false consensus effect

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35
Q

out tendency to accept very vague, general tests (personality) as very true

A

barnum effect

36
Q

the pursuit of fulfilling and realizing one’s potential could define personality

A

self-actualization

37
Q

people may lose focus of the pursuit of self-actualization because they strive for materialistic, meaningless goals

A

deficiency orientation

38
Q

occurs when people focus on what they have, how they perform, and the importance of their achievements

A

growth orientation

39
Q

meaning, purpose, and communication beyond the self

A

self-transcendence

40
Q

an innate drive that motivates a person to reach his or her full potential

A

actualizing tendency

41
Q

how a person perceives him or herself

A

self-concept

42
Q

the acceptance of a person for who he or she is

A

unconditional positive regard

43
Q

occurs when a person can be him or herself and not worry about trying to impress others with false beliefs or behaviors

A

congruence

44
Q

lead to an unhealthy self-concept; which occurs if a person believed that only when certain conditions are met would they be shown approval and affection

A

conditioned positive regard

45
Q

(Carl Roger’s) we grow in an environment that offers genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

A

person-centered perspective

46
Q

internal characteristics that are stable, consistent over time, and displayed through multiple situations

A

personality traits

47
Q

predict how people will act or think based on specific traits

A

trait theories

48
Q

address whether a person “fits” that particular type, or whether he or she has certain characteristics

A

types

49
Q

an individual’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives constitute his or her personality

A

the trait perspective

50
Q

easily recognized and have a strong influence on personality

A

central and source traits

51
Q

more specific to certain situations and has less of an effect on personality

A

secondary or surface traits

52
Q

a mathematical formula that explains how traits are related to one another

A

factor analysis

53
Q

people who prefer privacy

A

introverts

54
Q

outgoing people (social)

A

extraverts

55
Q

moody and worried

A

emotionality

56
Q

calm and relaxed

A

stability

57
Q

questionnaires designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, assessing several traits at once

A

personality inventories

58
Q

curious, insightful, imaginative, structured, creative

A

openness

59
Q

organized, reliable, hardworking

A

conscientiousness

60
Q

active, energetic, affectionate

A

extraversion

61
Q

forgiving, generous, trusting

A

agreeableness

62
Q

anxious, tense, vulnerable

A

neuroticism

63
Q

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

A

social-cognitive perspective

64
Q

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality

A

behavioral approach

65
Q

believed that people’s expectations shape behavior and personality

A

Julian Rotter

66
Q

a person believes he or she could control environmental factors

A

internal locus of control

67
Q

a person believes that he or she cannot control environmental influences

A

external locus of control

68
Q

believed that personality is the result of the interaction between thoughts, behavioral, and environmental situations

A

Albert Bandura

69
Q

the way in which these factors constantly influence each other

A

reciprocal determinism

70
Q

sense of competence and effectiveness

A

self-efficacy beliefs

71
Q

the scientific study of optional human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

A

positive psychology

72
Q

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

A

self

73
Q

overestimating our concern that others evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders

A

spotlight effect

74
Q

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

A

self-esteem

75
Q

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

A

self-esteem

76
Q

our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably; accepts responsibility for good deeds/successes more than for bad deeds/failures

A

self-serving bias

77
Q

excessive self-love and self-absorption

A

narcissism

78
Q

tend to value personal independence and individual achievement; define identity in terms of self-esteem, personal goals/rights/responsibilities

A

individualistic cultures

79
Q

tend to value interdependence, tradition, and harmony; define identity in terms of group goals/commitments

A

collectivist cultures

80
Q

created inferiority complex

A

Alfred Adler

81
Q

1st feminist personality researcher; disagreed with women feeling inferior because of penis envy, but said that women felt inferior because of social restraints; womb envy

A

Karen Horney

82
Q

introvert/extravert, collective unconscious, and archetypes

A

Carl Jung

83
Q

self-actualization, deficiency orientation, growth orientation, and self-transcendence

A

Abraham Maslow

84
Q

actualizing tendency, self-concept, unconditional/conditional positive regard, congruence

A

Carl Rogers

85
Q

one of the first trait researchers that identified traits based on importance in describing personality; central/source traits and secondary (surface) traits

A

Gordon Allport

86
Q

based on Allport, using a questionnaire that asked people to rate themselves on a number of traits to show which best described them; factor analysis

A

Raymond Cattell

87
Q

said traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different; therefore, traits are not food predictors of behavior

A

Walter Mischel

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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