Unit 10: Personality

Question 1

the unique and consistent pattern of behavior, thinking, and feeling that makes up an individual

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Answer 2

unconscious mind

Question 3

latent and manifest content of dreams

Answer 3

dream analysis

Question 4

thoughts, words, and images that come freely to your mind

Answer 4

free association

Question 5

comprised of wishes, inner conflicts, and memories that we are unaware of but that still affect our behavior

Answer 5

unconscious

Question 6

includes all of the mental processes of a person is aware of at any given moment

Answer 6

conscious awareness

Question 7

made up of memories and info that are not presently in conscious awareness but can easily be recalled

Answer 7

preconscious awareness

Question 8

present at birth and the unconscious portion of personality; governed by the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification.

Answer 8

id

Question 9

emerges from the psychological energy of the id; partly conscious and represents the rational, decision-making part of personality; relies on the reality principle, which, when necessary, delays the demands and needs of the id until a more appropriate time

Answer 9

ego

Question 10

emerges at about age five/six and represents the internal voice of reason; comparable to a person’s conscience acting as a judge/jury, if you don’t live up to the demands then you experience guilt and anxiety

Answer 10

superego

Question 11

a defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier development stage because his or her needs were either under or over gratified during that stage

Answer 11

fixation

Question 12

(0-1 year) the pleasure associated with the mouth; activities include putting objects in the mouth; the fixation could result in adult oral activities

Answer 12

oral stage

Question 13

(2 years) the pleasure associated with the anal area; activities include proper toilet training; fixation could result in adult and retentive characteristics

Answer 13

anal stage

Question 14

(3-5 years) the pleasure associated with one’s own genital areas; Oedipus complex, Electra complex, and identification

Answer 14

phallic stage

Question 15

occurs when the son displays incestuous feelings for his mother and resistance towards his father. As a result, the boy develops castration anxiety. This arises from the thought that the father will eventually punish the boy.

Answer 15

Oedipus complex

Question 16

occurs when the daughter questions why boys have penises and girls do not. In turn, the girl develops penis envy and starts to display incestuous feelings towards her father and resistance towards her mother.

Answer 16

Electra complex

Question 17

when boys form an alliance with their father, who was once the enemy; imitates his father’s attitudes and values; girls do the same. THIS DEVELOPS THE SUPEREGO.

Answer 17

identification

Question 18

(late childhood) sexual impulses lie dormant with a focus on same-sex friendships and the development of social and intellectual skills

Answer 18

latency stage

Question 19

(adolescence) sexual impulses reemerge and emphasis is again placed on the genitals (individuals and others); activity is experimenting with loving, intimate relationships that are mutually gratifying

Answer 19

genital stage

Question 20

the exclusion from conscious awareness of painful, unpleasant, or undesirable memory or urge

Answer 20

repression

Question 21

providing excuses or explanations to justify thoughts or behaviors

Answer 21

rationalization

Question 22

ascribing or assigning one’s own undesirable feelings or thoughts to others

Answer 22

projection

Question 23

when a person behaves in a way that contradicts their actual thoughts

Answer 23

reaction formation

Question 24

attempting to turn unacceptable thoughts or actions into socially acceptable behavior

Answer 24

sublimation

Question 25

shifting anger and hostility to a less threatening target

Answer 25

displacement

Question 26

trying to make up for unconscious impulses or fear

Answer 26

compensation

Question 26

not being willing to accept the truth

Answer 26

denial

Question 27

in times of stress, an individual's reverting to a behavior that is associated with an earlier stage of development

Answer 27

regression

Question 28

followers of Freud who taught and delivered his theories and ideas

Answer 28

neo-freudians

Question 29

people have an innate desire to overcome inferiorities experienced in childhood

Answer 29

inferiority complex

Question 30

a collection of past experiences shared by all people that are inherited from ancestors and passed from generation to generation

Answer 30

collective unconscious

Question 31

generational symbols or themes

Answer 31

archetype

Question 32

unstructured stimuli that are subjectively scored, based on personal interpretation; the advantage is that vague stimuli tend to reveal contents of the unconscious; the disadvantage is that individuals may interpret things differently

Answer 32

projective test

Question 33

multiple-choice or true-false questions; the advantage is that it ensures reliability and saves time/money; the disadvantage is that people can put fake responses to answer in a way that they want to be seen as

Answer 33

objective test

Question 34

tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Answer 34

false consensus effect

Question 35

out tendency to accept very vague, general tests (personality) as very true

Answer 35

barnum effect

Question 36

the pursuit of fulfilling and realizing one's potential could define personality

Answer 36

self-actualization

Question 37

people may lose focus of the pursuit of self-actualization because they strive for materialistic, meaningless goals

Answer 37

deficiency orientation

Question 38

occurs when people focus on what they have, how they perform, and the importance of their achievements

Answer 38

growth orientation

Question 39

meaning, purpose, and communication beyond the self

Answer 39

self-transcendence

Question 40

an innate drive that motivates a person to reach his or her full potential

Answer 40

actualizing tendency

Question 41

how a person perceives him or herself

Answer 41

self-concept

Question 42

the acceptance of a person for who he or she is

Answer 42

unconditional positive regard

Question 43

occurs when a person can be him or herself and not worry about trying to impress others with false beliefs or behaviors

Answer 43

congruence

Question 44

lead to an unhealthy self-concept; which occurs if a person believed that only when certain conditions are met would they be shown approval and affection

Answer 44

conditioned positive regard

Question 45

(Carl Roger's) we grow in an environment that offers genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Answer 45

person-centered perspective

Question 46

internal characteristics that are stable, consistent over time, and displayed through multiple situations

Answer 46

personality traits

Question 47

predict how people will act or think based on specific traits

Answer 47

trait theories

Question 48

address whether a person "fits" that particular type, or whether he or she has certain characteristics

Answer 48

types

Question 49

an individual's characteristic behaviors and conscious motives constitute his or her personality

Answer 49

the trait perspective

Question 50

easily recognized and have a strong influence on personality

Answer 50

central and source traits

Question 51

more specific to certain situations and has less of an effect on personality

Answer 51

secondary or surface traits

Question 52

a mathematical formula that explains how traits are related to one another

Answer 52

factor analysis

Question 53

people who prefer privacy

Answer 53

introverts

Question 54

outgoing people (social)

Answer 54

extraverts

Question 55

moody and worried

Answer 55

emotionality

Question 56

calm and relaxed

Answer 56

stability

Question 57

questionnaires designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, assessing several traits at once

Answer 57

personality inventories

Question 58

curious, insightful, imaginative, structured, creative

Answer 58

openness

Question 59

organized, reliable, hardworking

Answer 59

conscientiousness

Question 60

active, energetic, affectionate

Answer 60

extraversion

Question 61

forgiving, generous, trusting

Answer 61

agreeableness

Question 62

anxious, tense, vulnerable

Answer 62

neuroticism

Question 63

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

Answer 63

social-cognitive perspective

Question 64

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality

Answer 64

behavioral approach

Question 65

believed that people's expectations shape behavior and personality

Answer 65

Julian Rotter

Question 66

a person believes he or she could control environmental factors

Answer 66

internal locus of control

Question 67

a person believes that he or she cannot control environmental influences

Answer 67

external locus of control

Question 68

believed that personality is the result of the interaction between thoughts, behavioral, and environmental situations

Answer 68

Albert Bandura

Question 69

the way in which these factors constantly influence each other

Answer 69

reciprocal determinism

Question 70

sense of competence and effectiveness

Answer 70

self-efficacy beliefs

Question 71

the scientific study of optional human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 71

positive psychology

Question 72

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 72

self

Question 73

overestimating our concern that others evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders

Answer 73

spotlight effect

Question 74

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Answer 74

self-esteem

Question 75

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Answer 75

self-esteem

Question 76

our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably; accepts responsibility for good deeds/successes more than for bad deeds/failures

Answer 76

self-serving bias

Question 77

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Answer 77

narcissism

Question 78

tend to value personal independence and individual achievement; define identity in terms of self-esteem, personal goals/rights/responsibilities

Answer 78

individualistic cultures

Question 79

tend to value interdependence, tradition, and harmony; define identity in terms of group goals/commitments

Answer 79

collectivist cultures

Question 80

created inferiority complex

Answer 80

Alfred Adler

Question 81

1st feminist personality researcher; disagreed with women feeling inferior because of penis envy, but said that women felt inferior because of social restraints; womb envy

Answer 81

Karen Horney

Question 82

introvert/extravert, collective unconscious, and archetypes

Answer 82

Carl Jung

Question 83

self-actualization, deficiency orientation, growth orientation, and self-transcendence

Answer 83

Abraham Maslow

Question 84

actualizing tendency, self-concept, unconditional/conditional positive regard, congruence

Answer 84

Carl Rogers

Question 85

one of the first trait researchers that identified traits based on importance in describing personality; central/source traits and secondary (surface) traits

Answer 85

Gordon Allport

Question 86

based on Allport, using a questionnaire that asked people to rate themselves on a number of traits to show which best described them; factor analysis

Answer 86

Raymond Cattell

Question 87

said traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different; therefore, traits are not food predictors of behavior

Answer 87

Walter Mischel