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AP Psychology > Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to the study of the causes, symptoms, and development of psychological or mental disorders

A

psychopathology

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2
Q

characterized by deviant, maladaptive, or harmful behaviors and disruptive patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that cause distress and dysfunction and affect the performance of daily functions; can cause distress and discomfort for people who come in contact with a person displaying a disorder

A

mental disorders

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3
Q

behavior that deviates from what society considers acceptable/normal; varies in culture

A

deviance

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4
Q

a situation in which day-to-day functioning is impaired/negatively impacted

A

maladaptive behavior

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5
Q

an individual’s self-report of personal distress

A

personal distress

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6
Q

one of the most common behavioral disorders; restlessness or persistent fidgeting, difficulty maintaining attention/easily distracted

A

ADHD

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7
Q

suggests that psychological disorders are actually sicknesses associated with specific symptoms that must be treated medically

A

medical model

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8
Q

a modern name for the medical model, suggests the psychological disorders are the results of biological factors

A

neurobiological model

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9
Q

states that psychological disorders are the result of psychological processes

A

psychological model

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10
Q

suggests that psychological disorders result from societal roles and expectations, environmental location, gender, age, ethnicity, and social/cultural definitions of normal and abnormal behavior

A

sociocultural model

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11
Q

suggests that psychological disorders are the result of the combination and interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

A

biopsychosocial model

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12
Q

now used by all psychologists for identifying and classifying psychological disorders

A

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM5)

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13
Q

worrying, apprehension, and increases physical arousal; have a hard time concentrating or relaxing because the mind is worrying them

A

anxiety

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14
Q

characterized by extreme feelings of apprehension, which disrupt functioning, and are present for a long time

A

anxiety disorders

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15
Q

mild anxiety not connected to any particular object or situation that tends to last for a long period of time; includes irritability, fatigue, and belief something terrible is going to happen

A

generalized anxiety disorder

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16
Q

involves sudden occurrence of panic attacks: rapid heart rate, heavy breathing, dizziness, sweating, and fainting

A

panic disorder

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17
Q

irrational fear of an object or situation that doesn’t warrant such fear, resulting in avoidance of the object or situation

A

phobia

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18
Q

irrational fear of open, public places, can lead to one’s staying at home all the time

A

agoraphobia

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19
Q

a phobia that involves a particular fear; avoidance of animals or fear of heights

A

specific phobia

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20
Q

irrational fears related to social situations, fear of being criticized by others

A

social phobia

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21
Q

involves repetitive thoughts (obsessions) that often lead to ritualistic and repetitive behaviors (compulsions)

A

OCD

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22
Q

symptoms of anxiety in response to extreme physical or psychological trauma, causing the person to avoid any situations that resemble the trauma

A

PTSD

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23
Q

research has also shown that people with anxiety disorders have predispositions, which affect certain neurotransmitters in the brain

A

biological perspective

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24
Q

a neurotransmitter linked with arousal; tends to be overactive in people experiencing anxiety disorders

A

norepinephrine

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25
Q

a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of sleep and mood, shows a lack of functioning in people exhibiting anxiety disorders

A

serotonin

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26
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter, has also been implicated in anxiety disorders

A

GABA

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27
Q

psychological factors could also play a role in the onset of anxiety disorders

A

learning perspective

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28
Q

can range from occasional, manageable sadness to extreme episodes of depression that require hospitalization

A

depression

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29
Q

person experiences extreme depression, which can last for weeks or months, during which time 1 or many depressive episodes are experienced; changes in activity levels, eating habits, and hygiene; cognitive problems; person feels worthless; suicidal ideations

A

major depressive disorder

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30
Q

less intense depression, often of longer duration than major; lacks interest (feels sad); must have depressive symptoms for long than 2 years

A

dysthymic disorder

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31
Q

polar opposite of depression

A

bipolar disorder

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32
Q

characterized by extreme enthusiasm, an optimistic outlook, and an energetic state of mind; belief that he/she can do anything

A

mania

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33
Q

(manic depressive disorder) alternating between periods of deep depression, characterized by major depressive symptoms and mania; brief “normal moods” between periods of depression and mania

A

Bipolar 1 disorder

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34
Q

major depressive episodes alternate with periods of hypomania, less severe symptoms of mania

A

Bipolar 2 disorder

35
Q

involves alternating periods of depression and mania, but less severe than characteristics associated with bipolar

A

cyclothymic disorder

36
Q

depression that is frequently associated with the darker winter months, suggests that depression might be related to malfunctions in the body’s circadian clock

A

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

37
Q

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

A

rumination

38
Q

a severe and often debilitation disorder that involves patterns of disturbed thinking, perceptions, emotions, and behavior

A

schizophrenia

39
Q

loss of touch with reality and irrational thoughts/behaviors

A

psychosis

40
Q

using words that only have meaning to the person saying them

A

neologisms

41
Q

words based on double meanings or on the way the word sounds

A

clang associations

42
Q

one thought doesn’t seem to be connected with another

A

loose associations

43
Q

repetition of nonmeaningful statements

A

word salad

44
Q

false or distorted beliefs

A

delusions

45
Q

false reports of perceptions (not common to see things)

A

hallucinations

46
Q

displayed emotions that don’t coincide with the situation

A

inappropriate emotions

47
Q

including disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions (excess or adding something)

A

positive symptoms

48
Q

include a schizophrenic’s lack of pleasure and motivation, speech skills, and expression of emotion, or flat effect (taking something away)

A

negative symptoms

49
Q

slow to develop, and recovery is doubtful

A

chronic schiz

50
Q

develops rapidly, and the chance of recovery is better

A

acute schiz

51
Q

delusions of grandeur or persecution; onset often very sudden

A

paranoid schiz

52
Q

many homeless people affected; delusions and hallucinations; disorganized thinking and speech; neglected hygiene

A

disorganized schiz

53
Q

odd movements (immobility/unexpected bodily movements); waxy flexibility

A

catatonic schiz

54
Q

the body becomes rigid and doesn’t change position for long periods

A

waxy flexibility

55
Q

doesn’t fall into any category bc of disordered display of behavior, emotions, and thoughts

A

undifferentiated schiz

56
Q

people who once had schizophrenic symptoms but are not presently experiencing or displaying symptoms

A

residual schiz

57
Q

have been linked to the development of schizophrenia including undersized are of the thalamus, prefrontal cortex, and other cortical areas; may be increased sized in the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces in the brain); excessive dopamine and receptor sites

A

brain abnormalities

58
Q

by blocking dopamine via the administration of antipsychotic drugs, researchers have successfully reduced hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenics

A

dopamine hypothesis

59
Q

suggests that shiz is the result of a biological predisposition and the amount of stress one encounter; based on the strength of biological predisposition

A

vulnerability theory of schiz

60
Q

occur when people experience psychological problems associated with physical symptoms that are not linked to a physical cause

A

somatoform disorders

61
Q

sensory and motor failure, blindness, deafness, or paralyzed limbs with no identifiable physical cause; usually first appears in childhood/adolescence; doesn’t show concern for inoperative sensory and motor functions

A

conversion disorder

62
Q

intense feelings of having a physical illness with no justifiable cause; a person believes he or she already has a disease; very quickly seek medical treatment

A

hypochondriasis

63
Q

people have severe pain without any known physical cause

A

somatization disorder

64
Q

reported severe pain without any known physical cause

A

pain disorder

65
Q

rare occurrences that involve sudden and mostly temporary disruptions to a person’s memory, consciousness, and identity

A

dissociative disorders

66
Q

sudden loss of memory resulting in a new identity and moving to a new location (amnesia coupled with active flight); a person doesn’t have recall of previous life

A

dissociative fugue

67
Q

a sudden loss of memory; a person has no recall of previous life, but does not move to a new location

A

dissociate amnesia

68
Q

formally called multiple personality disorder; a person exhibits more than one personality that is unique by style of thinking, speaking, acting, feeling, and memories

A

dissociate identity disorder

69
Q

a condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight

A

anorexia nervosa

70
Q

a disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise

A

bulimia nervosa

71
Q

a disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating, followed by feelings of remorse or disgust, but without purging or fasting

A

binge eating disorder

72
Q

paranoia, schizoid, and schizotypal

A

cluster A: odd-eccentric

73
Q

histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial

A

cluster B: dramatic-erratic

74
Q

dependent, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant

A

cluster C: anxious-fearful

75
Q

distrust of others, believe people are out to harm them; could react with violence to defend themselves

A

paranoid

76
Q

no social relationships; the “hermit”

A

schizoid

77
Q

problems with either starting or maintaining relationships; odd perceptions, emotions, thoughts, and behaviors

A

schizotypal

78
Q

obsessed with being center of attention; very dramatic; emotionally shallow person

A

histrionic

79
Q

exaggerated belief that he or she is very important and has achieved much success; arrogant

A

narcissistic

80
Q

instability of emotions, impulse control, obsessive fear of being alone, difficulty maintaining relationships and routines

A

boarderline

81
Q

no feelings of regard for others and their welfare; lack of conscience or remorse; most heavily studied personality disorder; sociopath and psychopath have been described as this

A

antisocial

82
Q

an enormous need to be taken care of; cannot make decision; very needy

A

dependent

83
Q

obsession with order and control; perfectionist

A

obsessive-compulsive

84
Q

oversensitive to criticism; does not partake in social situations

A

avoidant

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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