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Biology (N.A.) > UNIT 14 Coordination and response > Flashcards

UNIT 14 Coordination and response Flashcards

1
Q

electrical impulses travel along

A

neurones (nerve cells)

electrical impulses- sent through nerves to quickly send signals around our body

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2
Q

used for

A

rapidly coordinating or regulating the body’s functions

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3
Q

immediate short term change: nerves

delayed, long term change: hormones used

A
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4
Q

automatic nervous system examples:

WHILE, sympathetic division: WHAT IS IMPORTANT FOR THIS, immediate changes

A

pupils constrict, salivation, heat rate slows, stomach digests

;; pupils dilate, bladder relaxes, kidneys release adrenaline

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5
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bundle of neurons

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6
Q

mammalian nervous system

made of

A

1) the central nervous system (CNS) consisting
of the brain and the spinal cord

2) the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of the nerves outside of the brain
and spinal cord

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7
Q

role of the nervous system

A

coordination and regulation of body functions

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8
Q

Neuron Structure

Dendrites

A

Dendrites RECEIVE SIGNALS from surrounding neurons
- are branched to allow connections with many neurons

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9
Q

Axon

A

Axon is a long structure off the cell body that electrical signals can be rapidly sent through
- its long length allows for signals to be sent rapidly

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10
Q

axon terminal

A

where the signal is passed to the next neuron over the synapse (the gap between these nerves)

branched so can make connections with other nerves

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11
Q

nerve signals

A

nerve signals are ALWAYS sent one-way

down towards the nerve ending

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12
Q

Identify in diagrams and images sensory, relay
and motor neurones

A

sensory: have their cell body half way down the axon

relay: have a short axon (as they are not sending signals long distances)

motor: have the cell body at the end with the dendrites

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13
Q

a reflex action

A

a means of
automatically and rapidly integrating and
coordinating stimuli with the responses of
effectors (muscles and glands)

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14
Q

never signals are sent

A

through reflex responses

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15
Q

explain: A STIMULUS (e.g. pain, smell, taste, visual, chemical) is received by a receptor

Sensory neurons…

A

Sensory neurons pass these signals/impulses [from the receptor] back to RELAY neurons in the CNS

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16
Q

The relay neuron

A

The relay neuron sends this signal on to the motor neuron

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17
Q

The motor neuron

A

The motor neuron sends the signal to an effector organ

(usually a muscle or gland)

which is then stimulated to respond

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18
Q

reflexes

A

reflexes allow us to respond to stimuli extremely fast without conscious thought (i.e. the signal does not need to be interpreted by the brain)

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19
Q

so

A

sensory -> relay -> motor

SRM

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20
Q

synapse

A

a junction between two
neurones

synapses ensure that impulses travel in one direction only

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21
Q

Describe the structure of a synapse

A

the presence of vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules:

the synaptic gap:

receptor proteins:

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22
Q

Describe the events at a synapse

A

(a) an impulse [travelling along first axon] stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic gap

(b) the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap

(c) neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins on the next neurone

(d) an impulse is then stimulated in the next neurone

📍 neurotransmitters are then recycled or destroyed once an impulse is sent [[to prevent continued stimulation of the second neurone which would cause repeated impulses to be sent]]

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23
Q

As this is the only part of the nervous system where messages are chemical as opposed to electrical, it is the only place where …

A

only place where drugs can act to affect the nervous system

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24
Q

effector organ desponds to stimulus

A

in this case by contracting the bicep and relaxing the tricep, moving hand away from hot pot

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25
3 examples of effector organ - any muscle or gland
- bicep - tricep - quadricep
26
structure to follow on effect [5 marks]
📍 Pain receptors on Mr Baker's skin were activated due to the stimulus of the [hot pot/pin, etc] 📍 Signal transmitted from receptor to the sensory neuron. The sensory neuron passes the signal from the receptor back to the relay neurons in the CNS 📍 The relay neurons passes the signal on to motor neurons 📍 The motor neurons send the electrical signal on to an effector organ (e.g., bicep, tricep, calf muscles, etc.) 📍 Effector organ (& muscles) responds to the stimulus (e.g. by contracting bicep, relaxing tricep, moving hand away from hot pot/move away from and off the pin), taking weight off leg
27
fovea
- tiny pit in retina - highest concentration of cone cells - no rods, only cones - provides CLEAREST vision of all;;; most in focus of vision (light perfectly lines up; most light accesses these cells at this time) - eye lens will focus light on to the fovea
28
Sense organs - 1. Optic nerve
Sends nerve signals from the rod and cone cells in the retina to the brain
29
Retina
Is where light is focused in the eye. It contains light sensitive rox and cone repector cells
30
Iris
Is the coloured part of the eye which affects the size of the pupil
31
Lens
Is able to change shape to focus light onto the retina
32
Pupil
Is the opening in the eye which allows light to enter.
33
cornea
Is the curved part of the eye which refracts light as it enters.
34
suspensory ligaments
Attaches the lens to the ciliary muscles
35
ciliary muscles
They contract or relax to make the suspensory ligaments go slack or tight respectively, therefore changing the shape of the lens
36
Describe sense organs as...
groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals
37
Identify in diagrams and images the structures of the eye, limited to: cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve and blind spot
38
Describe the function of each part of the eye a)
a) cornea - refracts light
39
b) iris –
iris: controls how much light enters the pupil
40
(c) lens –
lens: focuses light on to the retina [changes shape to alter direction of light rays passing through eye]
41
retina –
retina: contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours part of eye where light rays form an image
42
e) optic nerve
carries impulses to the brain
43
Steps: How an impulse is passed on at a synapse 1.
an impulse arrives at the end of the presynaptic neurone
44
2.
vesicles move towards and fuse with the presynaptic membrane. this releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
45
3.
the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft (down a concentration gradient)
46
4.
neurotransmitters attach to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
47
5.
this triggers an impulse which travels along the postsynaptic neurone
48
6.
the neurotransmitters are recycled or destroyed once an impulse is sent
49
Controlling light - IRIS REFLEX [RESPONSE] Radial muscles do what in low light?
in LOW light, RADIAL muscles contract so pupil appears larger; dilates
50
circular muscles do WHAT in bright light?
CIRCULAR muscles contract in BRIGHT light so pupil appears smaller; constricts
51
e.g.s of reflex response
iris response, touching something hot/pain response
52
miosis - constriction [becomes shorter] circular muscle constricts when our pupil constricts and becomes smaller
in bright light
53
mydriasis - dilation radial muscle constricts when pupil dilates
in dimness RMCPDD (radial muscle constricts pupil dilates dimness)
54
bright light
walking into brightly lit room, my iris would work to REDUCE the amount of light able to enter my eye would happen as the CIRCULAR muscles in the iris CONSTRICT, pupil SMALLER, so LESS light would enter the eye means light sensitive cells of the retina would have an appropriate amount of light to be able to send impulses to the brain along the optic nerve to form the image seen
55
rod cells
- detect differences in light intensity - do not detect colour - used extensively in dim light
56
cone cells C FOR COLOUR
- detect differences in colour - different cones detect red/blue/green
57
info is carried by
info is carried by sensory neurons to the occipital lobe, is processed
58
red, green and blue cones work together to allow us to perceive a range of colours refraction [light bent from original direction depending on wl] reflection [light appears to bounce off surface; all wl's affected equally]
59
HORMONES - define
a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs
60
glucagon is secreted by the pancreas AND (pancreas produces insulin + hormones to regulate blood glucose levels + digestive enzymes e.g. amylase & lipase)
pancreas: glucagon AND insulin
61
glucagon
- secreted from pancreas - causes liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into bloodstream - this hormone is used when our blood sugar levels are low but we are not in a fight or flight situation
62
insulin
- secreted from pancreas - causes liver to absorb glucose FROM bloodstream & convert it to glycogen for later use - used when our blood sugar levels are high
63
endocrine vs exocrine glands endocrine-
endocrine glands secrete substances into your bloodstream (e.g. pituitary gland: master gland situated at BASE OF BRAIN)
64
exocrine glands
secrete substances on to the surface of your body (e.g. sweat or salivary glands)
65
pituitary gland
releases ADH
66
adrenal glands - next to kidneys produce
produce adrenaline
67
adrenaline
- secreted from adrenal gland - causes liver to break down glycogen & release glucose into bloodstream
68
testes
produce testosterone (male sex hormone)
69
ovaries
produce oestrogen (female sex hormone)
70
adrenaline has evolved for so adrenaline is...
fight or flight situations the hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations
71
effects of adrenaline
(a) increased breathing rate (b) increased heart rate (c) increased pupil diameter
72
the role of adrenaline in the control of metabolic activity "replace products for respiration"
(a) increasing the blood glucose concentration ;; glucose released from liver (b) increasing heart rate
73
Nerves electrical
Sends signals fast through neurons effect is short-term (muscle contractions/gland secretions)
74
Hormones chemical
Send signals slowly through bloodstream
75
With reference to the pancreas and liver, describe the role of insulin in controlling blood glucose levels [4]
ref. to blood sugar level being high ; (insulin) secreted by pancreas ; passes in blood stream + to liver ; stimulates liver to absorb glucose ; converts glucose to glycogen ;
76
Explain what would happen to the insulin in the stomach if it was swallowed as a tablet.
ref. to being digested / broken down ; by protease / pepsin
77
state the type of neurone that stimulates effectors
motor
78
state 2 stimuli that can be detected by receptors in the finger
pain heat
79
using labels from fig, state SITE OF CELL BODY OF 1. a sensory neuron 2. a relay neuron
1. sensory = GANGLION 2. relay = GREY MATTER (of spinal cord)
80
light passes thru parts of eye to reach retina complete => show correct order that light passes through them
cornea => aqueous humour => pupil => lens => vitreous humour => retina
81
retina contains rods and cones distinguish btwn rods and cones type of light detected? distribution in the retina?
rods: low light intensity/dim light. rod cells spread over retina cones: differences in colour. cones are focused in the fovea.
82
before entering dark room pupil is normal sized after entering dark room,
pupil dilates
83
explain how size of pupil was changed when Jasmine went into the dark room [2]
(pupil gets bigger) radial muscles contract circular muscles relax
84
explain why Jasmine could see shapes but not colours in the dark room [3]
role of rods is to detect black and white images sensitivity even in low light intensities role of cones in detecting colour cones need high light intensity to trigger them
85
suggest & explain what the light conditions were when the photograph was taken
light conditions: bright explanation: small pupils
86
explain importance of eyes reacting to light in this way
- less light enters the eyes - retina protected from damage
87
why lion not see colour
no cones present
88
describe how eyes of lion adjust to focus on the zebras
- image of zebras on retina - ciliary muscles relax - suspensory ligaments becomes taut - lens made thin - less refraction of light
89
X is a circular muscle. What effect does it have when it contracts? circular contracts = reduces pull = curve inc!!!! + size of the pupil decreases
reduces the pull on the lens, increasing its curvature
90
part prevents the internal reflection of light in the eye?
Choroid btwn sclera and retina on outer layer (2nd layer)
91
In what form are impulses transmitted in the nervous system?
electrical ;
92
State the structure, present in many mammalian neurones, which reduces leakage of the impulse.
myelin
93
Ahmed was provided with several young plant shoots and a sample of auxin. (ii) Describe an experiment he could carry out to show that auxin causes bending of a shoot. [4]
📍 paint auxin on one side of shoot ; 📍 place shoot in a dark place AW ; 📍 leave 1 to 3 days 📍 ref. to control without auxin ; 📍 ref. to repeats used ;
94
Explain the mechanism that results in a shoot bending towards light. [3]
auxin accumulates on shaded side of shoot; difference in concentrations on shaded side and light side ; cells with higher concentration of auxin absorb more water ; causes unequal growth ;
95
Synthetic plant hormones behave in a similar way to auxins. Describe how synthetic plant hormones are effective as weedkillers. [2]
plants stimulated to grow rapidly root growth inhibited by high concentrations of auxin ; so plants die
96
Suggest the path the spray would take from the mouth to enter the alveoli.
trachea / windpipe → bronchus → bronchiole
97
Suggest the process by which the insulin would pass from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
diffusion
98
State three features of the alveoli that might help the insulin to pass into the blood stream efficiently.
thin walls / walls one cell thick ; large surface area ; large numbers of alveoli
99
motor neuron, away from spinal cord
100
person looks at an object which is close to their eye
suspensory ligaments slacken, lens fattens CLOSE. ..!!

Biology (N.A.) (21 decks)

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