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Biology (N.A.) > UNIT 14 Coordination and response > Flashcards

UNIT 14 Coordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

electrical impulses travel along

A

neurones (nerve cells)

electrical impulses- sent through nerves to quickly send signals around our body

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2
Q

used for

A

rapidly coordinating or regulating the body’s functions

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3
Q

immediate short term change: nerves

delayed, long term change: hormones used

A
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4
Q

automatic nervous system examples:

WHILE, sympathetic division: WHAT IS IMPORTANT FOR THIS, immediate changes

A

pupils constrict, salivation, heat rate slows, stomach digests

;; pupils dilate, bladder relaxes, kidneys release adrenaline

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5
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bundle of neurons

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6
Q

mammalian nervous system

made of

A

1) the central nervous system (CNS) consisting
of the brain and the spinal cord

2) the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of the nerves outside of the brain
and spinal cord

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7
Q

role of the nervous system

A

coordination and regulation of body functions

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8
Q

Neuron Structure

Dendrites

A

Dendrites RECEIVE SIGNALS from surrounding neurons
- are branched to allow connections with many neurons

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9
Q

Axon

A

Axon is a long structure off the cell body that electrical signals can be rapidly sent through
- its long length allows for signals to be sent rapidly

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10
Q

axon terminal

A

where the signal is passed to the next neuron over the synapse (the gap between these nerves)

branched so can make connections with other nerves

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11
Q

nerve signals

A

nerve signals are ALWAYS sent one-way

down towards the nerve ending

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12
Q

Identify in diagrams and images sensory, relay
and motor neurones

A

sensory: have their cell body half way down the axon

relay: have a short axon (as they are not sending signals long distances)

motor: have the cell body at the end with the dendrites

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13
Q

a reflex action

A

a means of
automatically and rapidly integrating and
coordinating stimuli with the responses of
effectors (muscles and glands)

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14
Q

never signals are sent

A

through reflex responses

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15
Q

explain: A STIMULUS (e.g. pain, smell, taste, visual, chemical) is received by a receptor

Sensory neurons…

A

Sensory neurons pass these signals/impulses [from the receptor] back to RELAY neurons in the CNS

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16
Q

The relay neuron

A

The relay neuron sends this signal on to the motor neuron

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17
Q

The motor neuron

A

The motor neuron sends the signal to an effector organ

(usually a muscle or gland)

which is then stimulated to respond

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18
Q

reflexes

A

reflexes allow us to respond to stimuli extremely fast without conscious thought (i.e. the signal does not need to be interpreted by the brain)

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19
Q

so

A

sensory -> relay -> motor

SRM

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20
Q

synapse

A

a junction between two
neurones

synapses ensure that impulses travel in one direction only

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21
Q

Describe the structure of a synapse

A

the presence of vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules:

the synaptic gap:

receptor proteins:

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22
Q

Describe the events at a synapse

A

(a) an impulse [travelling along first axon] stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic gap

(b) the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap

(c) neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins on the next neurone

(d) an impulse is then stimulated in the next neurone

📍 neurotransmitters are then recycled or destroyed once an impulse is sent [[to prevent continued stimulation of the second neurone which would cause repeated impulses to be sent]]

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23
Q

As this is the only part of the nervous system where messages are chemical as opposed to electrical, it is the only place where …

A

only place where drugs can act to affect the nervous system

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24
Q

effector organ desponds to stimulus

A

in this case by contracting the bicep and relaxing the tricep, moving hand away from hot pot

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25
Q

3 examples of effector organ

  • any muscle or gland
A
  • bicep
  • tricep
  • quadricep
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26
Q

structure to follow on effect [5 marks]

A

📍 Pain receptors on Mr Baker’s skin were activated due to the stimulus of the [hot pot/pin, etc]

📍 Signal transmitted from receptor to the sensory neuron. The sensory neuron passes the signal from the receptor back to the relay neurons in the CNS

📍 The relay neurons passes the signal on to motor neurons

📍 The motor neurons send the electrical signal on to an effector organ (e.g., bicep, tricep, calf muscles, etc.)

📍 Effector organ (& muscles) responds to the stimulus (e.g. by contracting bicep, relaxing tricep, moving hand away from hot pot/move away from and off the pin), taking weight off leg

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27
Q

fovea

A
  • tiny pit in retina
  • highest concentration of cone cells - no rods, only cones
  • provides CLEAREST vision of all;;;
    most in focus of vision (light perfectly lines up; most light accesses these cells at this time)
  • eye lens will focus light on to the fovea
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28
Q

Sense organs -

  1. Optic nerve
A

Sends nerve signals from the rod and cone cells in the retina to the brain

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29
Q

Retina

A

Is where light is focused in the eye. It contains light sensitive rox and cone repector cells

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30
Q

Iris

A

Is the coloured part of the eye which affects the size of the pupil

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31
Q

Lens

A

Is able to change shape to focus light onto the retina

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32
Q

Pupil

A

Is the opening in the eye which allows light to enter.

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33
Q

cornea

A

Is the curved part of the eye which refracts light as it enters.

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34
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

Attaches the lens to the ciliary muscles

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35
Q

ciliary muscles

A

They contract or relax to make the suspensory ligaments go slack or tight respectively,

therefore changing the shape of the lens

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36
Q

Describe sense organs as…

A

groups of receptor cells
responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch,
temperature and chemicals

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37
Q

Identify in diagrams and images the structures of
the eye, limited to: cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina,
optic nerve and blind spot

A
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38
Q

Describe the function of each part of the eye

a)

A

a) cornea - refracts light

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39
Q

b) iris –

A

iris: controls how much light enters the
pupil

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40
Q

(c) lens –

A

lens: focuses light on to the retina

[changes shape to alter direction of light rays passing through eye]

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41
Q

retina –

A

retina: contains light receptors, some
sensitive to light of different colours

part of eye where light rays form an image

42
Q

e) optic nerve

A

carries impulses to the brain

43
Q

Steps: How an impulse is passed on at a synapse

1.

A

an impulse arrives at the end of the presynaptic neurone

44
Q

2.

A

vesicles move towards and fuse with the presynaptic membrane. this releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

45
Q

3.

A

the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft (down a concentration gradient)

46
Q

4.

A

neurotransmitters attach to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

47
Q

5.

A

this triggers an impulse which travels along the postsynaptic neurone

48
Q

6.

A

the neurotransmitters are recycled or destroyed once an impulse is sent

49
Q

Controlling light - IRIS REFLEX [RESPONSE]

Radial muscles do what in low light?

A

in LOW light, RADIAL muscles contract so pupil appears larger;

dilates

50
Q

circular muscles do WHAT in bright light?

A

CIRCULAR muscles contract in BRIGHT light so pupil appears smaller;

constricts

51
Q

e.g.s of reflex response

A

iris response, touching something hot/pain response

52
Q

miosis - constriction [becomes shorter]
circular muscle constricts when our pupil constricts and becomes smaller

A

in bright light

53
Q

mydriasis - dilation
radial muscle constricts when pupil dilates

A

in dimness

RMCPDD
(radial muscle constricts pupil dilates dimness)

54
Q

bright light

A

walking into brightly lit room, my iris would work to REDUCE the amount of light able to enter my eye

would happen as the CIRCULAR muscles in the iris CONSTRICT, pupil SMALLER, so LESS light would enter the eye

means light sensitive cells of the retina would have an appropriate amount of light to be able to send impulses to the brain along the optic nerve to form the image seen

55
Q

rod cells

A
  • detect differences in light intensity
  • do not detect colour
  • used extensively in dim light
56
Q

cone cells

C FOR COLOUR

A
  • detect differences in colour
  • different cones detect red/blue/green
57
Q

info is carried by

A

info is carried by sensory neurons to the occipital lobe, is processed

58
Q

red, green and blue cones work together to allow us to perceive a range of colours

refraction [light bent from original direction depending on wl]

reflection [light appears to bounce off surface; all wl’s affected equally]

A
59
Q

HORMONES - define

A

a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood,

which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

60
Q

glucagon is secreted by the pancreas

AND

(pancreas produces insulin + hormones to regulate blood glucose levels + digestive enzymes e.g. amylase & lipase)

A

pancreas: glucagon AND insulin

61
Q

glucagon

A
  • secreted from pancreas
  • causes liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into bloodstream
  • this hormone is used when our blood sugar levels are low but we are not in a fight or flight situation
62
Q

insulin

A
  • secreted from pancreas
  • causes liver to absorb glucose FROM bloodstream & convert it to glycogen for later use
  • used when our blood sugar levels are high
63
Q

endocrine vs exocrine glands

endocrine-

A

endocrine glands secrete substances into your bloodstream (e.g. pituitary gland: master gland situated at BASE OF BRAIN)

64
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete substances on to the surface of your body (e.g. sweat or salivary glands)

65
Q

pituitary gland

A

releases ADH

66
Q

adrenal glands - next to kidneys

produce

A

produce adrenaline

67
Q

adrenaline

A
  • secreted from adrenal gland
  • causes liver to break down glycogen & release glucose into bloodstream
68
Q

testes

A

produce testosterone (male sex hormone)

69
Q

ovaries

A

produce oestrogen (female sex hormone)

70
Q

adrenaline has evolved for

so adrenaline is…

A

fight or flight situations

the hormone secreted in
‘fight or flight’ situations

71
Q

effects of adrenaline

A

(a) increased breathing rate
(b) increased heart rate
(c) increased pupil diameter

72
Q

the role of adrenaline in the control of
metabolic activity

“replace products for respiration”

A

(a) increasing the blood glucose concentration ;; glucose released from liver

(b) increasing heart rate

73
Q

Nerves

electrical

A

Sends signals fast through neurons

effect is short-term (muscle contractions/gland secretions)

74
Q

Hormones

chemical

A

Send signals slowly through bloodstream

75
Q

With reference to the pancreas and liver, describe the role of insulin in controlling blood glucose levels [4]

A

ref. to blood sugar level being high ;

(insulin) secreted by pancreas ;

passes in blood stream + to liver ;

stimulates liver to absorb glucose ;

converts glucose to glycogen ;

76
Q

Explain what would happen to the insulin in the stomach if it was swallowed as a tablet.

A

ref. to being digested / broken down ;
by protease / pepsin

77
Q

state the type of neurone that stimulates effectors

A

motor

78
Q

state 2 stimuli that can be detected by receptors in the finger

A

pain

heat

79
Q

using labels from fig, state SITE OF CELL BODY OF

  1. a sensory neuron
  2. a relay neuron
A
  1. sensory = GANGLION
  2. relay = GREY MATTER (of spinal cord)
80
Q

light passes thru parts of eye to reach retina

complete => show correct order that light passes through them

A

cornea => aqueous humour => pupil => lens => vitreous humour => retina

81
Q

retina contains rods and cones

distinguish btwn rods and cones

type of light detected? distribution in the retina?

A

rods: low light intensity/dim light. rod cells spread over retina

cones: differences in colour. cones are focused in the fovea.

82
Q

before entering dark room pupil is normal sized

after entering dark room,

A

pupil dilates

83
Q

explain how size of pupil was changed when Jasmine went into the dark room [2]

A

(pupil gets bigger)
radial muscles contract
circular muscles relax

84
Q

explain why Jasmine could see shapes but not colours in the dark room [3]

A

role of rods is to detect black and white images

sensitivity even in low light intensities

role of cones in detecting colour

cones need high light intensity to trigger them

85
Q

suggest & explain what the light conditions were when the photograph was taken

A

light conditions: bright

explanation: small pupils

86
Q

explain importance of eyes reacting to light in this way

A
  • less light enters the eyes
  • retina protected from damage
87
Q

why lion not see colour

A

no cones present

88
Q

describe how eyes of lion adjust to focus on the zebras

A
  • image of zebras on retina
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments becomes taut
  • lens made thin
  • less refraction of light
89
Q

X is a circular muscle.
What effect does it have when it contracts?

circular contracts = reduces pull = curve inc!!!!
+ size of the pupil decreases

A

reduces the pull on the lens, increasing its curvature

90
Q

part prevents the internal reflection of light in the eye?

A

Choroid

btwn sclera and retina on outer layer (2nd layer)

91
Q

In what form are impulses transmitted in the nervous system?

A

electrical ;

92
Q

State the structure, present in many mammalian neurones, which reduces leakage
of the impulse.

A

myelin

93
Q

Ahmed was provided with several young plant shoots and a sample of auxin.

(ii) Describe an experiment he could carry out to show that auxin causes bending of a shoot. [4]

A

📍 paint auxin on one side of shoot ;

📍 place shoot in a dark place AW ;

📍 leave 1 to 3 days

📍 ref. to control without auxin ;

📍 ref. to repeats used ;

94
Q

Explain the mechanism that results in a shoot bending towards light. [3]

A

auxin accumulates on shaded side of shoot;

difference in concentrations on shaded side and light side ;

cells with higher concentration of auxin absorb more water ;

causes unequal growth ;

95
Q

Synthetic plant hormones behave in a similar way to auxins. Describe how synthetic
plant hormones are effective as weedkillers. [2]

A

plants stimulated to grow rapidly

root growth inhibited by high concentrations of auxin ;

so plants die

96
Q

Suggest the path the spray would take from the mouth to enter the alveoli.

A

trachea / windpipe → bronchus → bronchiole

97
Q

Suggest the process by which the insulin would pass from the alveoli into the
bloodstream.

A

diffusion

98
Q

State three features of the alveoli that might help the insulin to pass into the blood
stream efficiently.

A

thin walls / walls one cell thick ;

large surface area ;

large numbers of alveoli

99
Q

motor neuron, away from spinal cord

A
100
Q

person looks at an object which is close to their eye

A

suspensory
ligaments slacken,

lens fattens

CLOSE. ..!!

Biology (N.A.) (21 decks)

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