Unit 1.3 DNA and the Genome Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false all of the genes in our cells are expressed?

A

False, in fact only a fraction of the genes in our cells are expressed

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2
Q

What are the types of RNA involved in transcription and translation?

A

-mRNA
-tRNA
-rRNA

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3
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA is a single stranded molecule made up of nucleotides consisting of Ribose, a phosphate group , and one of four bases, cytosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil (instead of Thymine)

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4
Q

What are some differences between RNA and DNA?

A

-DNA is double stranded where RNA is single stranded
-Nucleotides in DNA are made up of the sugar deoxyribose, where RNA are made up of the sugar Ribose
-In DNA molecules adenine pairs with thymine in RNA adenine will pair with Uracil.

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5
Q

What is the role of mRNA in gene expression?

A

mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus and then leaves the nucleus and is translated into amino acids in the ribosome

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6
Q

What is a triplet of mRNA bases called?

A

CODON

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7
Q

What is the role of tRNA in gene expression?

A

tRNA has an anticodon at one and and an attachment site at the other end that carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome where the anticodon will temporarily bind to the codon of the mature mRNA transcript and this codes for the order in which the amino acids will be translated and the shape and therefore function of the protein produced.

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8
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase in the transcription of DNA?

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases and then will add an RNA nucleotides to produce a primary transcript of mRNA from the complementary base pairing of RNA nucleotides across the template strand.

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9
Q

What does RNA splicing do?

A

Forms the mature mRNA transcript

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10
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding regions of the primary mRNA transcript and are removed

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11
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding regions of the mRNA transcript that are retained and joined together to form the mature mRNA transcript
(ex like expressed DNA)

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12
Q

What happens to the order in which exons are arranged after RNA splicing?

A

The order of Exons remains unchanged.

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13
Q

Where does the translation process begin and end?

A

The translation process begins at a start codon and ends at a stop codon.

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14
Q

What type of bonding joins amino acids together?

A

peptide bonds

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15
Q

What type of bonds hold the structure of the protein together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

What is the name of the process by which different proteins can be produced by the same gene?

A

alternative RNA splicing

17
Q

what is alternative RNA splicing

A

the process by which multiple proteins can be expressed by the same gene

18
Q

Why can different proteins be produced from the same mRNA transcript?

A

because the process of alternative RNA splicing allows different mature transcripts to be produced from the same primary transcript depending on which exons are retained.

19
Q

What determines an organism’s phenotype?

A

The proteins produced by that organism as a result of gene expression.