Unit 1.3

Question 1

Hybridization

Answer 1

Mixing of genetic material

Question 2

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 2

Non-reproductive passage of genes among organisms

-cause phylogenetic networks

Question 3

Paralogous

Answer 3

Genes that originate from an ancestral gene duplication

Question 4

Orthologous

Answer 4

Genes that diverge from a common ancestral gene by phylogenetic splitting at an organismal level
-generate a gene family

Question 5

Molecular clock

Answer 5

Infers history of character evolution

• not universal between species
• may not be constant over time

Question 6

Mosaic evolution

Answer 6

Species evolve not as a whole, but piecemeal

• many feature evolve independently
• organisms are a mosaic of plesiomorohic and apomorphic characters

Question 7

Evidence of evolution

Answer 7

Hierarchical organization 
Homology
Embryological similarities
Vestigial characters
Convergence
Suboptimal design
Geographic distributions
Intermediate forms 
Fossil record

Question 8

Homoplasy

Answer 8

Independent evolution of a character or character state

Convergence, parallelism, evolutionary reversal