Unit 1.2

Question 1

LUCA and LECA

Answer 1

LUCA - last universal common ancestor

LECA - last eukaryotic common ancestor

Question 2

Monophyletic

Answer 2

Includes all the names descendants of a particular common ancestor

Question 3

Paraphyletic

Answer 3

Some but not all descendants from a particular common ancestor

Question 4

Polyphyletic

Answer 4

Includes species that do not exclusively share a common ancestor

Question 5

Anagenesis

Answer 5

Evolutionary change of features within a single lineage

Question 6

Cladogenesis

Answer 6

Branching of a lineage in two or more descendant lineages

Question 7

Phylogeny

Answer 7

History of events through which species arose from common ancestors

Question 8

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 8

Branching diagram based on data, from which a phylogeny is inferred

Question 9

Homologous features

Answer 9

Have been inherited from common ancestors

Question 10

Character

Answer 10

Trait of organism

Question 11

Character state

Answer 11

One of the variant conditions of a character

Question 12

Parsimony

Answer 12

Method of inferring phylogeny by minimizing the required evolutionary changes to explain observed data
Based on shared-derived characters

Question 13

Polytomies

Answer 13

Asterix-type branching from a single node

Question 14

Outgroup

Answer 14

A taxon that is surely the most distantly related to the ingroup taxa
Anchors phylogeny with immediate bifurcation

Question 15

Haplotype

Answer 15

Group of alleles inherited together from a single parent