Unit 12 Vocab Flashcards
Genetics
Scientific study of biological inheritance
Fertilization
During sexual reproduction, male and female reproduction cells join in this process.
Trait
Specific characteristic (like seed color or plant height)
Hybrids
The offspring of crosses between parents with different contrasting characteristics.
Genes
A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait. A factor that is passed from parent to offspring
Alleles
The different forms of a single cell gene.
Principle of Dominance
Mendels second conclusion is called this. Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive.
Segregation
Separation of alleles during gamete formation.
Gamete
A sex cell.
Probability
The likelihood that a particular event will occur.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
Phenotype
Physical characteristics of an organism.
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism.
Punnett Square
Diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combination of a genetic cross.
Independent Assortment
One of Mendel’s principle that states that genes of different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gamete.
Incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another.
Codominance
Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed.
Multiple alleles
Gene that has more than two alleles.
Polygenic traits
Trait controlled by two or more genes.
Homologous
Term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from a male parent and one set comes from a female parent.
Diploid
Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes.
Haploid
Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes.
Meiosis
Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Tetrad
Structure containing four chromatids that form during meiosis.
Crossing-over
process in which homologus chromsomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
