Unit 12 Bio Test Flashcards
Which of the following is an example of a vector and the disease it spreads?
A) insecticides and malaria
B) the Nile river and the West Nile disease
C) tall grass and Lyme disease
D) the deer tick and Lyme disease
D) the deer tick and Lyme disease
How are infectious diseases spread?
- coughing, sneezing, or physical contact
- infected animals
- contaminated water or food
What structure in your body will respond quickly if it encounters a virus for the second time?
memory T cell
What structure in the human body is in charge of directly killing (destroying) infected cells?
cytotoxic T cell
Which immune response is primarily carried out by T cells?
cell-mediated response
Antibiotics are effective at treating _________ but not ___________.
1) bacterial infections
2) viruses
Sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes that are associated with allergies are caused when _______________.
mast cells release histamines
What public health measures have helped fight disease?
- regulating food supplies
- monitoring water supplies
- promoting vaccinations
A person that has received the vaccine for HPV, which causes genital warts and can cause cervical cancer, is ________________.
able to produce antibodies against HPV
Antigens are ______________.
foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
Arrange the following statements in the order of their happenings.
1) phagocytes engulf and destroy the bacteria that damage cells
2) pathogens enter the body causing mast cells to release histamines increasing blood flow
3) blood vessels expand, and fluid leaves the capillaries causing swelling
2,3,1
Microorganisms that live in or on the human body can be ______ or _________.
1) symbionts
2) pathogens
___________ are involved in innate immunity, and a person lacking these cells may have a higher than normal chance of developing malignant rumors.
natural killer cells
If you become sick with the flu, and shortly thereafter you become sick with strep throat… Will the same type of B-cell that that fought the pathogen that caused the flu fight the pathogen that caused strep throat?
no, each B-cell is capable of recognizing one specific antigen.
What would you treat a case of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after holding a flower bouquet with?
antihistamines
A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because ______________.
no memory cells can be called upon, so adequate response is slow
Which of these molecules is incorrectly paired with its source? A) antibodies-> cytotoxic T cells B) interferons-> virus-infected cells C) lysozyme-> tears D) antibodies-> B cells
A) antibodies-> cytotoxic T cells
Both the eye and respiratory tract are protected against infections by ______________.
the secretion of lysozyme onto their surface
The MHC is important in the T cell’s ability to ______________.
distinguish self from non-self
The inflammatory response can cause _________________.
pain, swelling, and a local rise in temperature
What differentiates T cells and B cells?
T cells, but not B cells, can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens
Proteins that tag pathogens for destruction by immune cells are called ___________.
antibodies
What is the primary function of humoral immunity?
It produces antibodies that circulate in body fluids
Both lysozyme and cytotoxic T cells ______________.
kill cells through chemical interactions
When someone is vaccinated, the purpose is the stimulate the ____________ without making the individual sick.
primary immune response
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
A) antibodies are passed from a mother to her infant through breast milk
B) a person develops antibodies against the measles vaccine
C) a person develops antibodies against an ear infection
D) a person is vaccinated for hepatitis B
A) antibodies are passed from a mother to her infant through breast milk
Bruton’s disease is an X linked disorder that results in underdeveloped B cells, which would be someone with Bruton’s disease?
A) a baby with immature T cells, missing CD4 receptors
B) a baby with low levels of antibody response to streptococcal infection
C) a baby with no plasma cells following infection by bacterial pneumonia
D) a baby with no evidence of a thymus gland
C) a baby with no plasma cells following infection by bacterial pneumonia
Invertebrates have innate immunity that can be nonspecific about which pathogens are prevented from harming its metabolism. Which is most likely to function this way in the invertebrate's intestine? A) dendritic cells B) mucus C) lysozyme D) neutrophils
C) lysozyme
Which of the following is an example of active immunity?
A) a pregnant woman passing antibodies to her fetus across the placenta
B) a person receiving antibodies against the measles vaccine
C) a person developing antibodies against the measles vaccine
D) a woman giving antibodies to her infant through breast milk
C) a person developing antibodies against the measles vaccine
What structure in the human body is responsible for initiating the secondary immune response in your body?
memory cells
A donor might be able to give their blood to a certain recipient, but not bone marrow. Why might this be?
the donor’s blood type is a match to the recipients, but their MHC proteins aren’t a match
Which is an example of a viruses latency (dormancy)?
A) a virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives
B) influenza, a particular strain that returns every 10-20 years
C) Kaposi’s sarcoma, which causes skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely in people with HIV
D) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction can be triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host
D) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host
What is the body’s most important nonspecific defense?
the skin
What is the difference in B cell (plasma cells) responses and cytotoxic T cell responses?
B cells secrete antibodies against a virus while cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells
Which of the following are T cells of the immune system?
A) cytotoxic and helper cells
B) lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
C) class 1 MHC, class 2 MHC, and memory cells
D) plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells
A) cytotoxic and helper cells
Which cell type interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways?
helper T cells
What happens when a person encounters what they are allergic to?
antigens to the what they are allergic to bind to mast cells, which release histamines
What are the main working cells in the specific immune response?
B cells and T cells
The body’s nonspecific defense again invading pathogens include ______________.
mucus, sweat, and tears
Inflammatory responses may include which of the following?
A) increased activity of the phagocytes in an inflamed area
B) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection
C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma
D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area
A) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
What is true of active immunity but not passive immunity?
It requires direct exposure to a living or stimulated pathogen
In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated?
A) in bone marrow during the self-identifying test
B) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines
C) when a natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell
D) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell
D) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell
HIV weakens the immune system by killing _______.
helper T cells
The germ theory of disease states that infectious diseases are caused by ___________.
microorganisms
What cell is involved in cell-mediated immunity and destroy virally infected cells?
cytotoxic T cells
Put the events in order of their happenings…
1) pathogen is destroyed
2) lymphocytes secrete antibodies
3) antigens are detected by lymphocytes
4) lymphocytes specific to the antigen present from pathogen become numerous
5) only memory cells remain
3, 4, 2, 1, 5
If a newborn was accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen?
the baby’s T cells would not mature and differentiate properly
Thinking logically, when are antibodies and memory cells produced?
right when ur body is exposed to an antigen (pathogen)
What happens to your T cell concentration when you contract HIV?
your T cell concentration rapidly decreases because your cells are being killed by the HIV cells
What is the difference between the body’s primary and secondary immune response?
the primary immune response is when you first see the pathogen and antibodies form, it is a slower reaction
the secondary immune response is when you encounter the pathogen for a second time and your memory cells recognize the pathogen and can fix it faster, it is a faster reaction
If AZT is a drug that inhibits the HIV cells need to multiply, then what effect would AZT have on the number of T cells in an HIV positive person’s blood?
the drug would stabilize the person’s number of T cells because the HIV cells can still kill the T cells, but they wouldn’t be multiplying and the T cells would
How is influenza (the flu) spread and what are the symptoms?
transmission:
coughing, sneezing, any indirect contact with respiratory fluids
symptoms:
nausea, vomiting, and fatigue
How is herpes spread and what are the symptoms?
transmission:
sexual intercourse, direct contact with bodily fluids
symptoms:
cold sores, fever blisters, or open sores on the genitals
How is HIV/AIDS spread and what are the symptoms?
transmission:
sexual intercourse, syringe sharing (mixing blood)
symptoms:
immune system is down because your cells are being killed and you can contract other sicknesses easily
How is smallpox spread and what are the symptoms?
transmission:
coughing, sneezing, and indirect contact with respiratory fluids
symptoms:
bumps or raised sores on skin
How is the common cold spread and what are the symptoms?
transmission:
coughing, sneezing, and indirect contact with respiratory fluids
symptoms:
runny/stuffy nose, sinus issues, and fatigue
