Unit #11 Obesity

Question 1

How many adults in America are obese?

Answer 1

7 out of 10 (CDC 2011)

Question 2

Changes in the consumption of dietary fat

Answer 2

dietary fat consumption on a percent basis has decreased from 45 percent to 32 percent since 1970, but we eat more fat on a calorie basis

Question 3

Is the rate of calories being consumed increasing more in men or women?

Answer 3

rate of increase is three times greater in women than men In women there has been a 22 % increase in women
7% in men

Question 4

What percent of meals are eaten outside of home?

Answer 4

27 percent of meals are eaten outside the home

Question 5

cheese and soda consumption increase

Answer 5

cheese consumption increased from 7.7 to 29.8 pounds per person per year from 1950 to 2000, soda consumption increased from 34.7 to 44.4 gallons per person per year since 1987

Question 6

what are 2 things all diets have in common?

Answer 6

a reduction in the number of calories that are eaten

a lot of media hype

Question 7

3 ways to expend energy

Answer 7

non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and physical activity or exercise

Question 8

4 intake sources

Answer 8

Alcohol: seven calories per gram,
fat: nine calories per gram,
protein and carbohydrates (CHO): four calories per gram each

Question 9

other factors affecting weight loss

Answer 9

metabolism, genetic predisposition, and even gender.

Question 10

Energy storage in lean vs obese people

Answer 10

Even lean individuals store at least two to three months of their energy needs in adipose tissue whereas obese persons can carry a year’s worth of their energy needs

Question 11

three major components of energy expenditure

smaller factors

Answer 11

basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), and activity thermogenesis.
smaller factors: energetic costs of medications and emotion

Question 12

BMR

Answer 12

basal metabolic rate the energy expended when an individual is lying at complete rest, in the morning, after sleep, in the postabsorptive state

Question 13

BMR in sedentary vs active (what percent)

Answer 13

In individuals with sedentary occupations, BMR accounts for approximately 60 percent of total daily EE. Three-quarters of the variability in BMR is predicted by lean body mass within and across species.

Question 14

TEF

Answer 14

thermic effect of food is the increase in EE associated with the digestion, absorption, and storage of food and accounts for approximately 10–15 percent of total daily EE.

Question 15

2 parts of activity thermogenesis

Answer 15

exercise-related activity thermogenesis and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

Question 16

most important part of activity thermogenesis

Answer 16

NEAT, even in avid exercisers, is the predominant constituent of activity thermogenesis and is the EE associated with all the activities we undertake as vibrant, independent beings. NEAT has an enormous variety of constituents including occupation, leisure, and fidgeting

Question 17

range of NEAT in persons

Answer 17

NEAT is highly variable and ranges from about 15 percent of total daily EE in very sedentary individuals to more than 50 percent in highly active persons.

Question 18

MET

Answer 18

1 kcal/kg/hour and is about the same energy cost of sitting and resting. A MET is also defined as oxygen uptake in ml/kg/min with one MET equal to the oxygen cost of sitting and resting, equivalent to 3.5 ml/kg/min

Question 19

weight loss strategies common

Answer 19

About 60 percent of people trying to lose weight eat fewer calories, about 10 percent skip meals, and about 2 percent take weight-loss pills.

Question 20

what is the best predictor of weight loss maintenance?

Answer 20

regular exercise

Question 21

obesity health care costs

Answer 21

$190 billion per year

Question 22

what percent of adults in the United States are overweight or obese.

Answer 22

70%

Question 23

Obesity affects how many people in the US

Answer 23

more than one-third of the US adult population—nearly seventy-nine million people

Question 24

leading cause of death in US according to NIH

Answer 24

combination of poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle

Question 25

Obesity increases the risk of more than______different chronic health conditions.

Answer 25

30

Question 26

Poor dietary patterns and physical inactivity contribute to obesity and to more than

Answer 26

300,000 deaths / year

Question 27

obesity is linked to

Answer 27

type 2 diabetes, elevated blood cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, heart disease, fatty liver disease, sleep apnea, birth defects, asthma, and numerous cancers

Question 28

BMI equation

Answer 28

[Weight (lbs) ÷ height (inches)2] x 704.5

Question 29

BMI cut offs in adults

Answer 29

Below 18.5	Underweight
18.5–24.9	Normal weight
25.0–29.9	Overweight
30 and greater	Obese
40 and greater	Morbid or extremely obese

Question 30

waist cutoffs for being overweight / obese

Answer 30

Men with a waist measurement greater than forty inches and women with a waist measurement greater than thirty-five inches are considered to be at a higher risk for overweight- and obesity-related health conditions

Question 31

Obesity trend study findings

Answer 31

• In 1990, among states participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 10 states had a prevalence of obesity less than 10% and no state had prevalence equal to or greater than 15%.
• By 2000, no state had a prevalence of obesity less than 10%, 23 states had a prevalence between 20-24%, and no state had prevalence equal to or greater than 25%.
• In 2010, no state had a prevalence of obesity less than 20%. Thirty-six states had a prevalence equal to or greater than 25%; 12 states (Alabama, Askansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia) had a prevalence equal to or greater than 30%.

Question 32

fatty liver occurs in ____ of obese children

Answer 32

1/3

Question 33

childhood and adolescent obesity increase the risk of ____ in adulthood

Answer 33

coronary heart disease

Question 34

the prevalence of heart disease could increase by as much as _____ percent (more than ______ cases) by the year 2035 because of the childhood obesity epidemic.

Answer 34

16, one hundred thousand

Question 35

adolescents with type 2 diabetes will have a higher risk of

Answer 35

limb amputations, kidney failure, and premature death fatty liver some will progress to hepatitis and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, shorter life expectancy

Question 36

life expectancy could be shortened ___ years by 2050 due to obesity

Answer 36

2-5 (equals all cancers combined

Question 37

perinatal programming

Answer 37

the triggering of illnesses in adults by events that occurred during development within the womb. As an example, maternal hyperglycemia (type 2 diabetes) during pregnancy strongly predicts an above average BMI in offspring at five to seven years

Question 38

suggestions to childhood obesity epidemic

Answer 38

Low-fat diets have generally yielded disappointing results. Very-low-calorie diets have been somewhat effective in the short-term, but not so much for long-term weight loss maintenance. Some research has provided promising results for a focus on the quality of macronutrients rather than the quantity.

Question 39

Pi-Sunyer suggests that the answers to the obesity epidemic will come from two things:

Answer 39

better education and better drugs

Question 40

According to the third
NationalHealthandNutritionExamination Survey, _____ of adults
in the United States are overweight and an
additional ___ are obese

Answer 40

32%

22.5% obese