Quiz questions 1-6

Question 1

According to Ezra Taft Benson, what are the four basic areas that make a difference in health?

Answer 1

Righteousness, food, exercise, and sleep

Question 2

What is the most prevalent (common) lifestyle related health risk in the US population?

Answer 2

poor diet

Question 3

Aggressive penetrant genes that almost always cause disease only account for about 5% of chronic diseases.

Answer 3

true

Question 4

From a population perspective, what are three key health behaviors that can increase longevity and reduce risk of disease?

Answer 4

No smoking, eating a healthy diet and being physically active (moderate intensity) for 30 minutes or more most days of the week.

Question 5

The key to the epidemiological method is _____________ and ____________.

Answer 5

comparing and contrasting

Question 6

Name the standard or principle of epidemiology that is defined in part as the cause-effect relationship seen in the presence and absence of other influences.

Answer 6

independence

Question 7

temporal sequence

Answer 7

Name the standard or principle of epidemiology that is defined in part as the cause preceding the effect.

Question 8

As physical activity time increases, risk of CHD decreases. What type of correlation or relationship is this?

Answer 8

negative

Question 9

T/F Cause-and-effect conclusions are warranted with epidemiological findings.

Answer 9

false

Question 10

Incidence and prevalence…one refers to proportion and one refers to rate. Which one is which?

Answer 10

Incidence refers to rate, prevalence refers to proportion.

Question 11

Which type of study places volunteers by random assignment into groups where one group receives a treatment and the other does not?

Answer 11

randomized clinical trial study

Question 12

Which type of study matches people with disease with people without disease who share similar characteristics like gender, age, and ethnicity and then determines which differences may contribute to disease?

Answer 12

case-control study

Question 13

Which statement would best describe our modern times relative to times past?

Answer 13

live to eat

Question 14

Define “moieties.”

Answer 14

This is another way to say a half, part or portion.

Question 15

Define “inter alia.”

Answer 15

among other things

Question 16

Define “diminution.”

Answer 16

reduction or decrease

Question 17

Define “necropsy.”

Answer 17

autopsy

Question 18

Define “sequelae.”

Answer 18

A condition that results from prior disease or injury.

Question 19

Identify five lifestyle related risk factors

Answer 19

poor nutrition, physical inactivity, obesity, stress, tobacco use

Question 20

T/F One of the findings from the Blair et al., (1989) study showed that even in the presence of family history of heart disease as a risk factor, being unfit poses a greater risk.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

Describe the relationship between number of stairs climbed and risk of death from the Harvard Alumni study (Paffenbarger et al., 1986). Identify the amount of reduced risk that was seen between the stair climbing categories.

Answer 21

The amount of reported exercise by the participants had an inverse relationship with all-cause mortality. The difference in the risk of death in men who climbed more than 350 steps per week versus those who climbed less than 350 was 15 percent.

Question 22

Fitness and exercise…one is a process and one is a product. Which is which?

Answer 22

Exercise is a process, fitness is a product

Question 23

Why is a person who gets less than 30 minutes of moderate intensity activity each day considered sedentary?

Answer 23

The population risk of chronic disease is similar within the zero minutes to less than thirty minutes per day range. Ther is a physical activity deficiency threshold that must be met in order to gain health benefits. A minimum level is recommended based on epidemiological population-based research findings

Question 24

How is exercise different than physical activity?

Answer 24

Exercise is a specific type of physical activity with certain characteristics. Exercise is physical exertion with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness. There are some types of physical activity that are not considered exercise. Physical activity is any bodily movement that substantially increases energy expenditure, such as playing instead of watching the TV.

Question 25

What percent of Americans eats at least 1 serving of whole grain each day?

Answer 25

13%

Question 26

According to a 2003 study published in JAMA, what is the approximate reduction in risk for CVD when consuming 2 slices of whole wheat bread per day?

Answer 26

20%

Question 27

The average daily increase in caloric consumption since the 1970s is due primarily to which type of food?

Answer 27

refined grains

Question 28

In the article titled, “Western-style fast food intake and cardiometabolic risk in an Eastern country” the results indicated a hazard ratio of 1.27 for diabetes and 1.56 for CHD death when comparing higher frequency fast food intake to no fast food intake. What does this mean in terms of percent increase for risk of diabetes and CHD death?

Answer 28

27% increase risk for diabetes

56% increase risk for CHD

Question 29

Name at least two nutritional factors related to chronic health conditions that are part of modern day changes in diet composition.

Answer 29

glycemic load, fatty acid composition, macronutrient composition and density, acid-base balance, sodium-potassium ratio, and fiber content

Question 30

Which of the following is the most significant source of calorie intake in the diet of most Americans?

Answer 30

carbohydrate

Question 31

Identify at least 4 sources of free radical exposure.

Answer 31

automobile pollution

our own bodies

UV light

burned food

toxic chemicals

industrial waste

cigarette smoke

Question 32

Approximately how many grams of trans fat could a person consume and not increase their risk of heart disease?

Answer 32

0

Question 33

T/F There appears to be a specific dietary pattern for reducing diabetes risk and another, different, specific dietary pattern for reducing cardiovascular disease risk.

Answer 33

false

Question 34

T/F The prudent dietary pattern has been linked to decreased risk of CVD but not to decreased risk of diabetes.

Answer 34

false