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EXSC 387 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Wellness vs. health

A

Health is a state of being, wellness is a state of living
Wellness is a choice
ex: girl in wheelchair can have wellness even if she doesn’t have health

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2
Q

Leading causes of death

A

Heart disease, cancer, diabetes (in that order)

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3
Q

lifetime absolute risk

A

risk of average person who gets a disease can also be with a risk factor added

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4
Q

polymorphism

A

weaker gene that is not very common most of them don’t cause disease

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5
Q

reliable vs. valid

A

if it’s valid it is reliable

can be reliable but not valid

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6
Q

Person time

A

to calculate person time add up total number of days people are in the study

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7
Q

Health related components of fitness

A

body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength, flexibility

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8
Q

Skill related components of fitness

A

agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed

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9
Q

Aerobic Exercise helps with

A

lowering blood pressure, increasing HDL cholesterol, increase insulin sensitivity, decreases percent body fat and increases VO2 max

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10
Q

Strength training benefits

A

insulin sensitivity, increases bone density, increases muscle strength increases physical function

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11
Q

What percent of Americans don’t get enough physical activity to garner health benefits?

A

20%

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12
Q

LDL cholesterol

A

“bad cholesterol” more likely to cause problems, puts cholesterol in the arteries

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13
Q

HDL cholesterol

A

good cholesterol, takes cholesterol from body (like arteries) and puts it in liver, protects body from cholesterol build up

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14
Q

Minimum amount of trans fat you can have PER SERVING and still be fat free

A

0.5 g SO if you had 3 servings you could be consuming 1.5g

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15
Q

Glycemic index

A

a way to analyze carbohydrates, ranks carbohydrates on scale of 0 to 100 analyzes how it affects blood glucose levels

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16
Q

Glycemic load

A

another way to analyze carbs, but takes into account portion sizes, and how it affects blood glucose level

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17
Q

Serving of whole grain you SHOULD get in a day vs. what most Americans get

A

Should get = 3 servings

most get = 1 serving

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18
Q

Benefits of whole grain

A

disease protection

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19
Q

Fiber consumption

A

for every 10g of fiber/ day you eat there is a 14% decrease in heart risk

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20
Q

Only thing not reduced when a whole grain is reduced to white

A

calories

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21
Q

cohort study

A

followed

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22
Q

case control study

A

matched

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23
Q

randomized clinical trial study

A

randomly

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24
Q

Free radicals

A

have unpaired valence electron, cause cancer,
scavenge electrons from strand of DNA which can cause mutations which cause cancer, antioxidants neutralize free radicals in body
caused by: smoking, UV light radiation etc.

25
Q

Supplements

A

hurt more than help, can cause disease you are trying to prevent

26
Q

benefits of phytochemical rich food

A

antioxidant properties

27
Q

ACTUAL leading cause of death

A

Tobacco, followed by poor diet / physical inactivity

28
Q

Preventability of common chronic diseases

A

Stroke – 70% preventable

     Colon Cancer – 71% preventable 

     Heart disease – 82% preventable 

     Type 2 Diabetes – 91% preventable
29
Q

Prevalence of modifiable health risks

A

Smoking – 23%

     High cholesterol – 30% 

     High BP – 30% 

     Overweight / obese – 64% 

     Inactive – 78% 

     Poor diet – 80%
30
Q

Seventh Day Adventists and Mormon High Priest

A

Mormon Priests: middle aged high priests who adhered to three health practices (never smoking cigarettes, engaging in regular activity, and getting proper sleep) standard mortality ratios were 34 for all cancers 14 for cardiovascular disease and 22 for all causes. 50% reduction in cancer mortality

Seventh day Adventists: Longer years of wellness and longer life expectancies

31
Q

Incidence

A

Incidence refers to rate, prevalence refers to proportion.
Incidence refers to a rate of disease
Incidence is generally reported as the number of new cases of disease within a defined time period, often a year (e.g., the 2014 incidence for heart disease).
Incidence = Number of new cases/Total population at risk (this is rate)

32
Q

Prevalence

A

prevalence refers to the proportion in the population who have the disease.
Prevalence is the total number of cases of a disease and is often reported as a fraction of the total population at risk.
Prevalence includes everyone with the disease and not just the number of new cases.

Prevalence = Number of total cases/Total population (this is a proportion)

33
Q

Morbidity and Mortality

A

Morbidity means disease (dysfunctional years usually before death), mortality means death

34
Q

Diet recommendations

A

Eat a minimum of five servings of fruits and vegetables every day.
Eat whole-grain breads, cereals, and other high-fiber foods. Make half of your grain servings whole grains.
Limit your consumption of red meat and processed meat (fish, poultry, and eggs are excellent alternatives).

Consume nuts and beans regularly.

Limit your consumption of saturated fat.

Avoid all trans fats.

35
Q

physical Activity recommendations

A

Accumulate thirty minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most—preferably all—days of the week.

36
Q

Temporal sequence

A

the standard or principle of epidemiology that is defined in part as the cause preceding the effect

37
Q

independence (epidemiological study)

A

standard or principle of epidemiology that is defined in part as the cause-effect relationship seen in the presence and absence of other influences

38
Q

Epidemiological study

A

Epidemiology can be considered a branch of medicine. It is the study of how disease frequencies vary in groups of people with differing characteristics

The goal of epidemiology is to establish cause-and-effect relationships but cause-and-effect conclusions are NOT warranted with epidemiological studies

39
Q

compression of morbidity

A

reducing disease at the end of life to the least amount possible is called “Although the living of much longer lives is highly gratifying, understandable, all wish to have longer ‘healthy life expectancy,’ i.e. to suffer as little as possible before death”

40
Q

physical activity and exercise

A

Exercise is a specific type of physical activity with certain characteristics. Exercise is physical exertion with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness. There are some types of physical activity that are not considered exercise. Physical activity is any bodily movement that substantially increases energy expenditure, such as playing instead of watching the TV

41
Q

comorbidity

A

Definition: A comorbidity is a disease or condition that coexists with a primary disease but also stands on it’s own as a specific disease. For example, someone can have hypertension (high blood pressure) and not have diabetes. But on the other hand, someone with diabetes very often has hypertension too. Hypertension is a common comorbidity of diabetes. Other common comorbidities of diabetes are hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity.

42
Q

Average whole grain consumption by general public

A

13% of americans eat at least 1 serving of whole grain each day

43
Q

RR risk ratio

A

is the probability of something happening (such as developing a disease) in an exposed group relative to a non-exposed group. The exposure usually considers some type of risk factor

44
Q

Statistical association

A

must have statistically significant positive or negative correlation between two variables, strength of association shown in relative risk estimates, cause and effect relationship must be plausible and logical

45
Q

temporal sequence

A

must be shown that the assessed potential cause has preceded the assessed affect, and has occurred within or over an accepted interval of time

46
Q

dose-response

A

with increased exposure to a presumed cause there is an expected corresponding change in risk of rate

47
Q

repeatability

A

different investigators in different places at different times and using different methods on different study populations, should tend to come up with similar results if the relationship is strong and of importance

48
Q

alterability

A

modification of the presumed cause produces a corresponding change in effect

49
Q

specificity

A

for bet evidence we should find that the stated cause is specific for the observed effect

50
Q

confirmation

A

seek experimental verification, or confirmation from animal study

51
Q

consistency

A

findings of study must be consistent in terms of demographic characteristics (age, race, sex, occupation, geography etc.)

52
Q

persistence

A

findings should be persistent over time during successive intervals of time

53
Q

thrifty gene hypothesis

A

The thrifty gene hypothesis suggests that individuals with thrifty metabolic genetic adaptations convert more of their calories into adipose tissue during periods of feasting, whereas those without the gene adaptation prefer to oxidize or burn excess calories

54
Q

whole wheat versus processed

A

For every one hundred pounds of whole wheat that goes through the refining process, only seventy-two pounds of flour is left after the germ and bran have been removed

55
Q

Antiproliferatives

A

reduce or even stop the spreading of cancer cells

56
Q

1 MET

A

One MET is a body oxygen consumption of 3.5 ml O2/kg body weight/min resting

57
Q

Today, dairy products, cereals, refined sugars, refined vegetable oils, and alcohol make up about what percent of our total daily energy intake

A

72%

58
Q

how to calculate glycemic load

A

Glycemic load is calculated by multiplying the glycemic index by the carbohydrate content in a serving size of food Glycemic load = glycemic index × carbohydrate content (grams per serving) / 100

59
Q

what percent of Americans don’t eat 5 servings of fruits / vegetables in a day

A

78 percent of Americans do not eat five servings each day

EXSC 387 (10 decks)

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