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EXSC 387 > Exam 2 Study cards > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study cards Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system includes

A

heart, arteries, lungs veins

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2
Q

how many times does the heart beat in a normal lifetime?and how many gallons of blood?

A

3 billion times, 42 million gallons of blood

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3
Q

Heart disease represents how many diseases?`

A

more than 20

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of death since 1900 (exception of 1918)

A

heart disease

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5
Q

how many americans die from CVD?

A

1 american every 34 seconds (just less than a million a year) 4 of 10 coffins in US contain a victim of CVD and 1/3 of deaths occur prematurely (before 73)

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6
Q

CVD includes what diseases?

A

heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, heart failure, arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, peripheral artery disease

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7
Q

2006 CVD statistics

A

Age-adjusted CVD (heart and stroke) death rate per 100,000 was 256, compared to 268 in 2005
831,272 deaths

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8
Q

CVD MORTALITY rates are decreasing but prevalence is

A

remain unchanged (not dwindling) what happens is our health care system is better at keeping people alive who have CVD

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9
Q

main cause of CVD

A

atherosclerosis

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10
Q

atherosclerosis is

A

build up of fatty plaque in inner layer of artery wall contributes 85% of CVD
can block vessels in brain and lead to strokes
strokes are 3rd leading cause of death and kill 160,000people /year

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11
Q

CHD

A

when atherosclerosis blocks a coronary vessel its called CHD (major form of CVD but NOT the same)
can cause a heart attack of MI afflicts 1.2/year and 4 in 10 die

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12
Q

How can the artery wall be damaged

A 
hypertension
hypercholesterolemia
oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
cigarette smoking
toxins and viruses
blood flow turbulence
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13
Q

3 layers of the arteries

A

1) the intima, a single squamous cell thickness; 2) the media, a smooth muscle layer; and 3) the adventitia, or outermost layer

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14
Q

where is the site of plaque burden for atherosclerosis? .

A

is at the intima-media interface

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15
Q

process of atherosclerosis

A

first, artery wall damaged / injured
next
Injuries lead to changes in normal endothelium function and chronic inflammatory response begins.
Monocytes and T cells penetrate the endothelium in to the intima.
Monocytes convert to macrophages and ingest oxidized LDL and other substances.
Macrophages convert to foam cells.
Additional LDL causes further injury, attracting more monoctyes and a vicious cycle leads to development of a fatty streak.
Injured endothelial cells attract platelets and begin to release growth factors that stimulate migration of smooth-muscle cells from the outer layers of artery into the intima.
Macrophages and smooth muscle cells release collagen and other proteins (fibrous component of atherosclerosis).
Engorged foam cells die and release cholesterol debris into the artery wall.
Mature plaque may become hardened (calcified) and develop cracks or ulcers, prompting formation of blood clots.

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16
Q

Heart Risk reduction

A 
Quitting smoking
50–70% decrease within 5 years
Decreasing cholesterol
2–3% decrease for each 1% drop in total cholesterol
Decreasing high BP
2–3% decrease for each 1 mmHg drop in DBP
Becoming physically active
45% decrease for those who maintain
Maintaining ideal body weight
35–55% decrease vs. obesity
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17
Q

Reducing risk of CHD can be somewhat cumulative T/F

A

true

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18
Q

Toxic environment for CVD

A

Physical Activity
Few opportunities for activities of daily living
Little need to be physically active for survival
Little need to expend energy for foods
Diet
Abundance of high kcal dense foods
Large portion sizes

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19
Q

calories in a bagel 20 years ago and now

A

20 years ago 3 inches 140 caloreis

6-inch diameter = 350 caloreis

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20
Q

why might a person need an exercise test

A

irregular heartbeat, chest pain, or difficulty breathing
helps find out how well a person’s heart can handle a workload
can show if there is a lack of blood supply through arteries of heart due to heart disease

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21
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

abnormal tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than surrounding tissue and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth ceases

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22
Q

benign vs malignant

A 
benign = tumors that are not cancerous, result of abnormal cell growth, but cannot invade surrounding tissue or move to distant site through metastasis
malignant = cancerous and formed from abnormal cells that are unstable and can enter the blood stream, circulatory system, and lymphatic system
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23
Q

suspected causes of cancer

A 
obesity
smoking
alcohol consumption
poor diet
environmental pollution
heavy metal exposure
household chemicals
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24
Q

angiogenesis

A

creation of blood supply, tumors sends cellular signals to begin this, once it has its own blood supply it can metastasize

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25
Q

carcinoma

A

Carcinoma
cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs
lung, breast, stomach, etc.
skin, large intestine, lung, and prostate in men
lung and breast in women
more common than sarcoma
accounts for 8% of all cancers

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26
Q

sarcoma

A

cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue
generally more lethal than carcinoma
most common is osteosarcoma (bone) and chondrosarcoma (cartilage) lymphoma, leukemia, mylenoma

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27
Q

cancer staging

A

T—primary tumor
N—lymph node involvement
M—distant metastases

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28
Q

Modifiers for cancer

A 
I = early stage
IV = late stages
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29
Q

Cancer has more ___ than heart disease

A

years of life lost
is leading cause of death for people 35-74
75+ = heart disease

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30
Q

New cancer cases per year

A

1,373,000

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31
Q

cancer deaths per year

A

570,000

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32
Q

lifetime risk of developing cancer

A

1 in 2 for men

1 in 3 for women

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33
Q

survival rate for all cancers 5 years

A

64%

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34
Q

Americans alive with history of cancer

A

9.8 million

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35
Q

cost of cancer per year nationwide

A

190 billion

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36
Q

Lifetime probability of developing cancer for men top and lowest 3

A

Top 3
prostate = 1 in 7
lung and bronchus 1 in 13
colon and rectum 1 in 21

lowest = stomach 1 in 93 oral cavity 1 in 65
leukemia 1 in 59

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37
Q

Lifetime probability of developing cancer by site Women

A

Top 3
Breast 1 in 8
lung and bronchus 1 in 16
colon and rectum 1 in 22

Lowest
uterine cervis 1 in 154
urinary blader
1 in 88
pancreas 1 in 68
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38
Q

Most lethal cancers

A

Lung for men and women
prostate for men
breast cancer for women
3rd leading is colon and rectal cancer for men and women

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39
Q

Reduction of cancer deaths have occurred but some are the same T/F

A

T

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40
Q

which cancers have increased slightly for men and women 1980-1990

A

pancreatic and liver cancer

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41
Q

incidence rates of cancer has decreased for men

A

lung and colorectal cancer

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42
Q

incidence rates of cancer of increased for men

A

liver, thyroid and melanoma

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43
Q

incidence rates of cancer for women have decreased for

A

colorectal cancer

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44
Q

incidence rates of cancer for women increased for

A

thyroid, liver and melanoma

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45
Q

increases in survival of all cancer types attributed mostly to

A

improvements in cancer treatment

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46
Q

decreases in incidence rates for cancer are attributed to changes in

A

lifestyle (not smoking) and greater participation in routine screenings

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47
Q

susceptibility to cancer is primarily associated with

A

lifestyle and environmental risk (only small percent genetic)

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48
Q

susceptibility to cancer is ___ percent lifestyle related

A

80

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49
Q

how much cancer in the US could be prevented through proper diet and physical activity habits (normal healthy weight)?

A

1/3 more than 577,000 deaths

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50
Q

how much cancer could be eliminated by elimination of tobacco use

A

1/3

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51
Q

causes of cancer death in US

A 
tobacco - 30%
nutrition / obesity - 30%
inactivity - 5%
alcohol 3%
environmental pollution - 2%
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52
Q

PA and colon cancer?

A

Of all cancers, colon cancer has the strongest link with physical inactivity.
3 in 4 published studies show an average of 50% (70% max) reduction in colon cancer risk in the most physically active men and women.
How?
Decreased transit time
Enhanced immune function
Decreased insulin levels
Enhanced defense vs. oxidative stress

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53
Q

PA and lung cancer

A

Only a few studies support this link
Likely physical activity is protective through associated obesity reduction and good dietary habits
How?
Not well established

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54
Q

PA and prostate cancer?

A

Half of studies show a link, but they are the better-designed studies
The effect of exercise is seen only in men older than 60 years old, and may reduce risk 50–70%, but average reduction is 10–30%.
How?
Repeated long bouts of exercise may lower blood testosterone levels.
Enhanced immune function

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55
Q

PA and breast cancer?

A

Physical Activity and Breast Cancer
3 in 4 studies support 30–40% reduction in breast cancer with physical activity.
Strenuous exercise is most strongly related to lower incidence of breast cancer.
How?
Lower cumulative exposure to ovarian hormones with strenuous exercise
Delayed age of menarche
Decreased obesity Friendenreich and Orenstein. J Nutr. 2002 Nov; 132(11Suppl):3456S-3464S
The American Cancer Society recommends the following lifestyle patterns for reducing the risk of cancer:

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56
Q

what percent of cancer death attributed to alcohol?

A

3%, but every drink increases risk

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57
Q

alcohol increases risk of cancer in

A

areas of the body where the alcohol comes into contact with tissues or organs. Alcohol consumption increases the risk of liver cancer, oral and esophageal cancer, and stomach and intestinal cancer.

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58
Q

national recommendations for alcohol consumption

A

If you don’t drink, don’t start.
If you do drink, do so in moderation.
Men should have no more than two drinks per day.
Women should have no more than one drink per day.

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59
Q

processed meats are linked to

A

increased risk in colon cancer risk
relative risk of colorectal cancer when comparing the highest and the lowest category of consumption was 1.20, or a 20 percent increase in risk

60
Q

whole grain and natural whole foods containing fiber

A

colorectal and esophageal cancer decreases

61
Q

best evidence indicates meat should be eaten sparingly no more than ___ times a week

A

2

62
Q

aflatoxin increases risk of liver cancer which is in

A

is attributed to fungus that produces anflatoxin when grains are not stored or preserved properly

63
Q

evidence suggests risk of cancer is reduced with increased consumption of whole grains especially

A

colon cancer

64
Q

for every 10 grams of fiber consumed a day there is a ___ percent reduction in risk of colon cancer

A

10 percent

65
Q

Obesity / amount of calorie consumed increases risk for

A

cancer in sites such as colorectum, gall bladder, breast, oesophagus, pancreas, endometrium, kidney

66
Q

premenopausal breast cancer and women

A

One study 20-40 percent decreased risk of breast cancer in obese women compared to normal but another there is a 50 percent and 70 percent increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer in overweight and obese women

67
Q

what food has the highest total phenolic content and highest antioxidant activity as well as the highest antiproliferative effect on in vitro cancerous human liver cells?

A

cranberry

68
Q

fruit high in phenolic content and antioxidant activity

A

cranberry, apple, red grape strawberry,

69
Q

anti proliferative activity highest fruits

A

cranberry, lemon apple strawberry

70
Q

which vegetable has the highest phenolic content?

A

broccoli

71
Q

which vegetable has the highest antioxidant activity?

A

red peppers

72
Q

which vegetable has the highest inhibitory effect on spreading of cancer in in vitro human liver cells?

A

spinach

73
Q

which type of activity reduces blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive persons?

A

aerobic exercise

74
Q

risk factors for hypertension

A 
obesity
smoking
little or no exercise
too much salt in the diet
drinking too much alcohol
stress
ethnic background
family history
age
75
Q

what is it called when blood pressure is extremely low?

A

orthostatic hypotension

76
Q

how many times does the heart beat per minute?

A

60-75

77
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

when the heart is contracting the pressure in the arteries is called

78
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

when the heart is resting pressure in the arteries is called

79
Q

guidelines for being diagnosed as hypertensive

A

systolic / diastolic is 140/90

NEW guidelines 130/80

80
Q

incidence and prevalence of hypertension rise with

A

age

81
Q

how many new hypertensives added to the US each year?

A

2 million

82
Q

in US normotensive individuals age 55 years have a ___ percent lifetime risk for developing hypertension

A

90

83
Q

T/F in unaccultured societies age-related increases in BP are uncommon

A

True

84
Q

why is hypertension called the “silent killer”?

A

there are no warning signs for is

85
Q

deaths for hypertenstion

A

primary cause of death for more than 37,000 americans and contributes to seven hundred deaths annually

86
Q

hypertension increases risk for

A

CHD stroke and kidney failure

87
Q

hypertension left untreated causes

A

the heart to get larger, which can lead to heart failure
small blisters (aneurysms) to form, which can lead to stroke
blood vessels in kidney to narrow, which can lead to kidney failure
arteries to harden faster (heart, brain, and kidney)
Long-term loss of cognitive ability
memory, problem solving, concentration, and judgment

88
Q

Hypertension normal

A

120/80 or less

89
Q

pre hypertension

A

120-139 / 90-99 was OLD

NEW = 120-129 or <80 diastolic

90
Q

stage 1 hypertension

A

old 140-159 90-99

NEW 130-139 80-89

91
Q

Stage 2 hypertension

A

160 or 100 NEW 140 >90

92
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

systolic over 180 and diastolic over 120

93
Q

guidelines

A

high blood pressure should be treated earlier with lifestyle changes and sometime medication at 130/80 (rather than older 140/90) based on ACC and AHA guidelines

94
Q

definition of high blood pressure

A

accounts for complications that can occur at lower BP numbers for earlier intervention
results in half of US population (46%) having high blood pressure
HBP expected to triple in men under 45 and double in women under 45

95
Q

guidelines for taking BP

A

should be based on average of at least 2 careful readings on 2 occasions

96
Q

changes in BP guidelines

A

only prescribe medication for stage 1 if a patient has already had a cardiovascular event or at high risk of heart attack based on age, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or atherosclerosis
many people need 2+ medications to control blood pressure better to combine multiple medications in one pill
identifying socioeconomic status and psychosocial stress as risk factors for high blood pressure

97
Q

stroke risk increases ___ at stage ___ levels of hypertension

A

exponentially 2

98
Q

lifestyle changes in China and other populations primarily related to diet and inactivity have these characteristics

A

NA+ and alcohol intakes are high
K+ intake is low
physical inactivity and obesity are the norm
incidence of hypertension is high

99
Q

how many adults in the US have HBP

A

70 million 30%
healthy people 2020 goal is reduce prevalence by 10-27%
only 52% have their high blood pressure under control and 70% are taking some kind of action to lower it
average blood pressure has increased with children

100
Q

Treatment for HBPAll should include

A

All should include lifestyle changes
Medication when indicated
Stage 1 and 2 should combine lifestyle modification with appropriate drug therapy
Most patients with hypertension will require lifestyle modifications and two or more antihypertensive medications

101
Q

lifestyle and weight control

A

Weight control
Overweight results in a 2–6x increase in risk for hypertension
Average systolic and diastolic BP is reduced 1.6/1.1 mmHg per kilogram (2.2 lb) of weight loss

102
Q

if a person lost 10kg of body mass expected change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure could be

A

16 point and 11 point drop

103
Q

Healthy People 2020 goal for sodium / how many meet it

A

less than 2,300 mg per day
lower for those with hypertension older, or at-risk ethnicities
only 30% get less than 2,400mg/day

104
Q

average sodium intake

A

3,655mg/day

105
Q

by reducing sodium consumption to 2300 a day prevalence would drop

A

28%

reduce cases of hypertension by 11.1 million

106
Q

if reduced to 1200mg per day of sodium

A

prevalence of hypertension is changed to 25% and 17.7 million fewer cases

107
Q

western societies average sodium

A

2,500-5,000 mg / day 6-12 g of salt
men consume 4,000mg and women 3,— from food alone
minimum recommendation is 500mg and 2,000-3,000 is safe

108
Q

1 teaspoon difference in salt consumption is associated with

A

2.2mmHg difference in systolic BP

and a 9mmHg attenuation in the rise of systolic BP for 25-55 years

109
Q

clinical trials lowering salt

A

reduced systolic BP by 5mmHg and diastolic BP by 2.5

110
Q

lifestyle and NA what to do

A

learn to read food labels
choose more fresh fruits and vegetables
reduce use of salt during cooking, and use herbs, spices, and low-sodium seasonings
avoid using the salt shaker on prepared foods at the table
limit the use of foods with visible salt on them (snacks, chips, salted nuts, crackers, etc.)

111
Q

DASH method / diet

A

dietary approaches to stop hypertension DASH diet recommended
NHLBI of NIH proposes the DASH diet.
Clinical studies with hypertensives lowered systolic BP by 11 mmHg and diastolic BP by 66 mmHg.
Reductions were seen within two weeks.
Rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy
High in potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fiber—low in saturated fat, cholesterol, Na+

112
Q

Lifestyle and alcohol

A

Consuming 40 g of ethanol per day from drinking alcohol can increase blood pressure (three drinks per day).
The prevalence of hypertension is four times greater for heavy drinkers than abstainers.
Heavy drinking refers to >14 drinks per week for men and >7 drinks per week for women.
About 50–60% of the risk for developing alcoholism is genetic.
About 50% of trauma beds in the United States are occupied by patients who were injured while under the influence of alcohol.

113
Q

Exercise and HBP

A

effect of exercise and physical activity on blood pressure reduction is, in part, due to how the body recovers from exercise through relaxation and vasodilation of blood vessels
During exercise, heart rate and systolic blood pressure increase and diastolic blood pressure stays about the same.
In the post-exercise period, systolic blood pressure will fall below resting levels for about 22 hours.
The greatest effect is seen in those with the highest levels for resting blood pressure
relaxation and vasodilation of blood vessels in legs and visceral organ areas

114
Q

T/F exercise alone can be as effective as prescription medicine treatments

A

True

115
Q

resting systolic BP levels can remain below pre-exercise levels for up to ___ hours

A

24

so if you exercised every day or every other day, they could have a new permanent resting level of systolic pressure

116
Q

mild hypertensives can expect systolic and diastolic BP to drop an average ___ in response to regular exercise

A

5-7 mmHg

117
Q

depression is associated with the risk, occurence, management, progression and outcome of chronic diseases including

A

diabetes, hypertension, stroke, heart disease, and cancer

118
Q

acute

A

refers to something that occurs at a specific time for a short duration. In terms of anxiety, it is the same as state anxiety.

119
Q

State anxiety

A

anxiety present in very specific situations

120
Q

chronic

A

persists for a long period of time

121
Q

trait anxiety

A

anxiety present on a regular basis

122
Q

Mental health and PA with reducing anxiety

A

best results with aerobic exercise
best after weeks of regular exercise
best benefits for low fit to begin with
best benefits for high anxiety to begin with

123
Q

mental healthy and PA for depression

A

best after weeks of regular exercise
best when done several times per week
best with more vigorous exercise
best for those who are more depressed (more research needed)

124
Q

regular PA associated with

A

improved self-esteem, more restful sleep, and a better ability to respond to stress

125
Q

kinds of anxiety disorders

A

post-traumatic, obsessive compulsive and phobias

collectively most common mental health disorders

126
Q

prevalence of anxiety

A

12-Month Prevalence: 18.1% of U.S. adult population

Severe: 22.8% of these cases (e.g., 4.1% of U.S. adult population) are classified as “severe”

127
Q

demographics for lifetime prevalence of anxiety

A

Sex: Women are 60% more likely than men to experience an anxiety disorder over their lifetime
Race: Non-hispanic blacks are 20% less likely, and Hispanics are 30% less likely, than non-Hispanic whites to experience an anxiety disorder during their lifetime.
age: higher in 30-44

128
Q

each year nearly ___ % of adults experience a major depressive disorder

A

7

129
Q

women are what% more likely than men to experience depression

A

70

130
Q

depression is more common among

A

youth and young adults

131
Q

depressed persons spend

A

one and a half times more money on health care and 3 times more money on outpatient pharmacy costs than those non-depressive

132
Q

depression and exercise

A

at least as effective as psychotherapy and behavioral interventions or social contact
decreased depression more than relaxation training or engaging in enjoyable activities
effects consistent across age, gender, size and type of depression

133
Q

in a study of 65 year+ women ___ % lower risk of alzheimer’s disease cognitive decline and dementia in active women

A

30-50

134
Q 
\_\_\_ reduction in risk with high levels of physical activity for 
cognitive impairment
alzheimers
dementia
any type
A 
cognitive = 42%
alzheimer's = 50%
dementia = 37%
135
Q

neuroprotection

A

creates “stress-response” and vulnerability to brain damage by increasing neurotrophic factors
increasing heatshock proteins
decreases free radicals
stabilizes Ca+ homeostasis

136
Q

nuerogenesis

A

increases neural cell proliferation and survival
regulates gene transcription especially in the hippocampus (inolved in neuronal activity, synaptic structure, and neuronal plasticity (learning and memory)

137
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

decrease choline uptake
increase muscarinic quinuclidinylbenzilate binding to the hippocampus
decrease norepinephrine release

138
Q

neurotrophic factors

A

increased IGF FGF BDNF GDNF = increased neurogenesis
increase MAPK phosphorylation
increase CREB phosphorylation which increases neurotropin

139
Q

what foods have detrimental effects with depression / mental health

A

sugar and salt

140
Q

what foods have positive outcomes?

A

pulses

141
Q

there is a strong correlation between consumption of what food and depression

A

fish
r= -.85
BUT correlation is NOT causation

142
Q

excess of calories can

A

reduce synaptic plasticity and increase likelihood of cell damage through excess of free radical production
increases oxidative stress

143
Q

decreased caloric intake

A

elevated levels of BDNF decreased deficits in cognitive function

144
Q

when omega 3 fatty acid is a part of dietary intake or exercise is part of your lifestyle

A

learning ability increases

145
Q

Population attributable risk

A

the amount of disease or death that could have been avoided if all of the women in this study were in that low-risk profile

EXSC 387 (10 decks)

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