Unit 11

Question 1

reasoning

Answer 1

the way in which one derives understanding by making inferences and expanding

Question 2

deductive reasoning

Answer 2

rigidly structured arguments which, if accepted, must be true

Question 3

inductive reasoning

Answer 3

structured arguments which, if accepted, are probably true. not necessarily rigid.

Question 4

what makes deductive arguments the most strong

Answer 4

when they are both valid and sound

Question 5

an argument is valid if . . .

Answer 5

the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises

Question 6

an argument is sound if . . .

Answer 6

it is valid and the premises are true

Question 7

modus ponens

Answer 7

the argument works by affirming the antecedent

Question 8

antecedent

Answer 8

If X . . .

Question 9

consequent

Answer 9

. . . then Y

Question 10

modus tollens

Answer 10

the argument works by denying the consequent

Question 11

what two errors are common in reasoning?

Answer 11

denying the antecedent and affirming the consequent

Question 12

base-rate neglect fallacy

Answer 12

because we don’t know the base rate percent, we poorly assess probability