unit 11 Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
specification
A
materials
aesthetics
price
size
customer
safety
environment
function
2
Q
user centered design
A
designs based of users needs/wants
3
Q
iterative design
A
circular design process that models, evaluates and improves designs based on the result
4
Q
collaborative design
A
approach that involves a group working together
5
Q
What are common critical assessment opportunities?
A
Product analysis
Task anaylsis
6
Q
What did James Dyson notice about traditional hoovers?
A
that they were inefficient, heavy and hard to maneuver
7
Q
What do the CABE promote as the principals of design as?
A
Inclusive
Responsible
Flexible
Convenient
Accommodating
Welcoming
Realistic
8
Q
How can we help blind people with designs?
A
incorporating recognized textures or relief symbols
9
Q
What are the repercussions of bad designs?
A
certain user groups are discriminated against, put in danger or feel excluded
10
Q
Who is responsible for the safety in the work place
A
everyone
11
Q
What are the two legislation have been implemented to promote safety
A
COSHH regulations (2002)
Health and safety at work act (1974)
12
Q
What are COSHH regulations?
A
protect, reduce or control exposure of hazardous substances
13
Q
What is a risk assesment?
A
a document that takes into account any risk in the workplace, and considers the level of risks.
14
Q
What is PPE?
A
a requirement under the personal protective equipment at work regulations
15
Q
What are PPE items
A
high visibility clothing
eye and ear protection
masks and respirators
gloves and gauntlets
16
Q
What is the lion mark?
A
a symbol of toy safety and quality for the consumer, which covers toy safety and demands highest standards of ethics
17
Q
What is the BSI kitemark?
A
British standards institute
18
Q
What is critical assessment in product development?
A
Critical assessment involves designers evaluating existing products throughout the development and improvement process.
19
Q
What are common critical assessment opportunities?
A
product analysis and task analysis.
20
Q
What do designers do to generate new concepts?
A
Designers carry out extensive primary and secondary research to gather information and data about similar products.
21
Q
Why do designers conduct research on similar products?
A
To help them meet the needs and wants of the client, improve on existing product designs, and explore new, more efficient design solutions.
22
Q
What problem did James Dyson identify in traditional vacuum cleaners?
A
They were inefficient, heavy, and difficult to manoeuvre.
Some also blew dust and harmful particles back into the air, clogged easily and lost suction, and required a collection bag.
23
Q
What innovation did James Dyson introduce in 1993?
A
The DC01 vacuum cleaner used centrifugal technology to extract dirt from carpets without the use of a collection bag.
24
Q
What improvement was made in the DC07 vacuum cleaner by 2001?
A
It exchanged a single cyclone for seven, increasing the machine’s power by 50%.
25
What additional features were added to Dyson vacuum cleaners?
A bin trigger release and washable filters were added.
26
What does each new version of Dyson vacuum cleaners demonstrate?
Continued improvement in areas such as portability and power.
27
Who devised the system called 'Total Design'?
Design engineer and lecturer Stuart Pugh.
28
What must a final product solution be deemed 'fit for purpose'?
It must be appropriate for its intended use, meet the needs of its intended user, and meet any necessary quality and safety standards.
29
What are the characteristics of a workable specification?
A workable specification must be realistic, technical, measurable, and fully justified using research.
30
What are the key criteria a designer must fulfill from the brief?
The key criteria include materials, aesthetics, price point, dimensions, performance, product life span, safety and maintenance, and ergonomics and anthropometrics.
31
What is inclusive design according to the British Standards Institute (2005)?
The design of mainstream products and/or services that are accessible to, and usable by, as many people as reasonably possible... without the need for special adaptation or specialised design.
32
What should designers be aware of in inclusive design?
Designers must understand the diversity of their potential user groups, be aware of variations in capability and need, and make informed decisions.
33
What impact can small changes have in design?
Small changes can make a significant difference.
34
What are tactile warnings?
Tactile warnings are features that alert blind and visually impaired people about imminent danger, surface or level changes, and provide directional instructions.
35
How can subtle ergonomic changes impact design?
Subtle ergonomic changes and improvements to existing designs can immediately include a whole new user group.
36
What role do textures or relief symbols play for visually impaired users?
Incorporating recognised textures or relief symbols enables visually impaired users to navigate within the built environment.
37
What is an example of tactile warning implementation?
Grids of tactile studs can be laid into surfaces including pavements and platforms.
38
What is the benefit of flexibility in product design?
Flexibility can increase inclusivity, allowing an adjustable product to be open to a wider range of users.
39
How does product longevity relate to cost?
Longevity of the product is also money saving.
40
What are the specific needs of users with hearing impairment?
People with hearing impairment or total hearing loss have specific needs that can be met through good, thoughtful design and improvement.
41
What advancements are being made in hearing aids?
Hearing aids are getting smaller, more efficient, and customisable.
42
What features do communication devices offer for the hearing impaired?
Communication devices offer voice to text facilities.
43
How do user needs change over time?
The needs of a user may change over time; for example, toddlers have specific needs which change as they grow up.
44
Who is responsible for Health and Safety in the workplace?
Health and Safety is the responsibility of everyone in the workplace.
45
What must employers consider to keep employees safe?
Employers need to consider different safety procedures in the workplace to keep employees safe and prevent them from being harmed.
46
What is the primary piece of legislation covering health and safety in Great Britain?
The primary piece of legislation is the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974.
47
What does the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) state about employees?
All employees are duty bound, as far as reasonably practicable, to ensure the workplace is safe and to eliminate or minimise any risks to health or safety.
48
What can serious injury and harm be caused by?
Serious injury and harm can be caused by hazardous substances, which can lead to health complications and, in extreme cases, death.
49
What does COSHH Regulations establish the need to do?
COSHH Regulations establishes the need to protect, reduce or control exposure to hazardous substances.
50
What must hazardous materials display by law?
Hazardous materials must display information indicating how they should be handled and stored, and specific risks must be highlighted.
51
What are possible health risks associated with hazardous substances?
Possible health risks include toxicity, flammability, and corrosiveness.
52
What is a risk assessment?
A risk assessment is a document that takes into account any risk in the workplace, considers the level of risk and suggests what precautions should be taken to limit the risk.
53
Who is required to conduct a risk assessment?
Employers that have five or more employees are required by law to record and conduct a risk assessment in the workplace.
54
Can all risks be eliminated from the workplace?
From a legal standpoint, not all risks can be eliminated, as long as the employer takes reasonable measures to identify potential hazards and minimise risk.
55
What are the key questions to consider in a risk assessment?
1. What are the hazards? 2. Who might be harmed and how? 3. What is the likelihood of harm? 4. What can be done to reduce the hazard? 5. How will the risk be controlled long term? 6. Who will take action? 7. By what date will action be taken?
56
What should be at the core of any company's Health and Safety policies?
Safe working practices should be at the core of any company, establishment or institution's Health and Safety policies and processes.
57
What are the consequences of not following safe working practices?
The consequences can be severe and may lead to life changing injuries, fatalities, prosecution, and civil claims.
58
What should you not do without training and permission?
Do not touch or use any tools or machines without training and the permission of a trained supervisor or teacher.
59
What must be worn for safety?
Correct personal protective equipment (PPE) must be worn.
60
What must industries demonstrate regarding their facilities?
Industries have to demonstrate that they are capable of designing, locating, operating and maintaining facilities to standards set by governing bodies.
61
What should be ensured for vehicular movement?
Ensuring aisle sizes are fit for vehicular movement including fork lift trucks.
62
What should inform employees of vehicle operation?
Warning sirens and flashing beacons should inform employees of vehicle operation.
63
What is necessary for correct lifting and sitting positions?
Ensuring there is equipment and training to enable correct lifting, holding, climbing and sitting positions.
64
What does PPE stand for?
PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment.
65
What is the requirement under the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations (1992)?
PPE is a requirement under the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations (1992).
66
When should PPE be used?
PPE should not be a last resort; it should be a complementary control measure where risks cannot be adequately controlled in other ways.
67
What items are included in PPE?
PPE includes items such as protective or high visibility clothing, eye and ear protection, masks and respirators, gloves and gauntlets.
68
What are Safety Data Sheets (SDS)?
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) provide information on hazardous substances such as paint, bleach, solvents, and fillers.
69
What must a supplier provide for hazardous substances?
A supplier must provide a safety data sheet that specifies key hazards, controls, and first aid measures.
70
What does COSHH stand for?
COSHH stands for Control of Substances Hazardous to Health.
71
What are the key practices to meet COSHH requirements?
Good control practices must include: Assess risk, Take precautions, Control exposure, Follow procedures, Monitor exposure, Monitor health, Plan for incidents, Inform and train employees.
72
What are the steps to control hazardous substances?
1. Assess risk
2. Take precautions
3. Control exposure
4. Follow procedures
5. Monitor exposure
6. Monitor health
7. Plan for incidents
8. Inform and train employees
73
What are safety signs?
Safety signs are effective methods of communicating health and safety information.
74
How many main types of safety precautions are there?
There are five main types of safety precautions.
75
What do safety signs combine to convey information?
They combine shape, colour, pictogram, and text.
76
What do Prohibition Signs indicate?
Prohibition Signs prohibit actions detrimental to safety.
## Footnote
Round shape, black pictogram on a white background, red edging and diagonal line.
77
What do Warning Signs indicate?
Warning Signs give warning of potential risks.
## Footnote
Triangle shape, black pictogram on a yellow or amber background with black edging.
78
What do Mandatory Signs require?
Mandatory Signs require action that will contribute towards safety.
## Footnote
Round shape, white pictogram on a blue background.
79
What do Safe Condition Signs indicate?
Safe Condition Signs indicate exit routes in the event of a fire and location of safety equipment.
## Footnote
Rectangle or square shape, white pictogram on a green background.
80
What do Fire Safety Signs indicate?
Fire Safety Signs indicate the location of fire fighting equipment.
## Footnote
Rectangle or square shape, white pictogram on a red background.
81
What was the purpose of the Sale of Goods Act (1979)?
It was designed to set out expectations for quality and safety and provide protection for the consumer.
82
What act superseded many aspects of the Sale of Goods Act in 2015?
The Consumer Rights Act.
83
What are the key specifications of goods under the Consumer Rights Act?
Goods should be 'as described', 'of satisfactory quality', and 'fit for the consumer's particular purpose'.
84
What is the aim of the Consumer Rights Act?
To help safeguard the consumer from products that do not reach a reasonable level of safety.
85
Who is held liable if defective goods cause injury or death?
The manufacturer, supplier, or importer.
86
What happens if domestic goods are not reasonably safe?
The sale of goods can be suspended for up to six months.
87
What does the British Standards Institute (BSI) do?
It sets standards relating to goods, services, and management systems and carries out assessment and certification.
88
What is the BSI Kitemark™?
A key indicator of safety first registered in 1903.
89
What does the Kitemark stand for?
B for British, S for standard, and V for verification.
90
What must a product undergo to display the Kitemark™?
Rigorous testing appropriate to its intended use.
91
What are test rigs used for?
To carry out specific tests to gauge a product's performance in a variety of scenarios.
92
What is the Lion Mark?
A symbol of toy safety and quality developed in 1988 by the British Toy and Hobby Association (BTHA).
93
What must a supplier do to display the Lion Mark?
Sign a Code of Practice covering toy safety and demanding the highest standards of ethics in advertising.
94
Who can use the Lion Mark?
Only BTHA members who supply 95% of all toys sold in the UK.
95
What is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act?
The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1988) is a law that protects creators and their rights.
96
When does copyright begin?
Copyright begins the moment a work is fixed in tangible form.
97
What rights does copyright provide to creators?
Copyright gives creators the rights to control how their material may be used.
98
What legal action can creators take under copyright law?
Creators can take legal action against unauthorized use of their work.
99
What types of works are protected by copyright?
Literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works are protected.
## Footnote
Lifespan: Creator's life plus 70 years after their death.
100
What is the lifespan of copyright for typographical arrangements?
The lifespan for typographical arrangements of published editions is 25 to 70 years from the date when first published.
101
What is the lifespan of copyright for film and sound recordings?
The lifespan for film and sound recordings is the creator's life plus 70 years after their death.
102
What are patents?
Patents are an exclusive right granted for an invention, product or process that provides a new way of doing something.
103
What do patents protect?
They protect a creator against unauthorised production of their invention.
104
What rights do patents grant to the creator?
They allow the creator to use, sell or manufacture the invention.
105
How long does it take for a patent to be granted?
It takes 2 to 3 years to be granted.
106
How long does a published patent provide legal protection?
A published patent provides 20 years of legal protection.
107
What forms can trademarks take?
Trademarks can take the form of names, words, slogans, designs, symbols, numbers, phrases, letters, sounds, smells, logos, pictures, or any combination of these.
108
What is the purpose of trademarks?
Trademarks are used to distinguish goods and services from those of similar traders.
109
How can trademarks be identified?
Trademarks can be identified by the abbreviation 'TM' or the symbol '®' once registered.
110
How long does a registered trademark last?
A registered trademark lasts for 10 years.
111
Under what condition can a trademark be revoked?
A trademark can be revoked if it is not used within the first 5 years.
112
What is open design?
Open design is an approach to developing physical products, machines, and systems with no restrictions of intellectual property rights.
113
What types of products are included in open design?
These include 3D printed components, printed circuit boards (PCBs), and CNC produced products.
114
Who designs the products in open design?
Products are designed by the users.
115
What is maximized in open design?
Resources and skills are maximized.
116
How are products shared in open design?
Products are publicly shared for free.
117
What is Copyright?
The legal right granted to an author, composer, playwright, publisher, or distributor to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work.
118
What is not covered by Copyright?
Names, titles, slogans, and phrases are not covered by copyright; they are known as trademarks.
119
What are Design Patents?
Design patents are a type of patent that protects the inventor of 'any new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture' for fourteen years.
120
What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work or ideas without proper attribution.
121
What does the Copyright Act of 1976 protect in fashion?
The Copyright Act of 1976 protects artwork, including brand labels, logos, original prints, fabrics, decorations, and embroidery.
## Footnote
It does not protect the cut, shape, and silhouette of an item.
122
What is the difference between design piracy and counterfeiting in fashion?
Design piracy refers to the unauthorized copying of the design elements (cut, shape, silhouette), while counterfeiting involves goods posing as designer merchandise.
## Footnote
The distinction between the two is very thin.
123
What do many in the fashion industry think about the current copyright classifications?
Many in the fashion industry consider the classifications ludicrous and are trying to have the law changed.
124
What aspects of fashion are not protected under the Copyright Act?
The patterns or blueprints for garments and accessories are not protected under the Copyright Act.
125
What informs material considerations in design?
Material considerations are informed by, and inform, design decisions.
126
What factors do designers consider when choosing materials?
Designers identify suitable materials based on form, function, manufacturing methods, and consumer needs.
127
What is a key consideration for designers regarding sustainability?
Maintaining the planet's resources without damaging the environment now or in the future.
128
How can sustainability be perceived in design?
Sustainability can be seen as a catalyst for innovation.
129
What responsibility do designers have regarding their products?
Designers are responsible for the products they create and the impact of the product on the environment.
130
What can increase the efficiency of manufacturing?
With appropriate systems and strategies in place, the efficiency of manufacture can be increased.
131
What are some strategies to improve manufacturing efficiency?
Stringent planning for manufacture, use of production and assembly lines, reducing the number of processes needed, and integrating quality assurance.
132
What is the importance of disassembly in products?
The more materials and components integrated into a product, the more important it is for products to be disassembled or separated with ease. This allows parts to be replaced, reused, or recycled.
133
What legislation came into force in 2006 regarding electronic waste?
The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment regulation came into force to promote recycling, minimize waste, and to promote the development of environmentally friendly products.
134
What is the purpose of the On-Pack Recycling Label scheme (OPRL)?
The OPRL helps householders better separate packaging and reduce the amount of waste.
135
What are recycling codes?
Numerical recycling codes are used to help identify the specific material or group of materials used. Each code is illustrated as a triangle with a number inside.
136
What are resin identification codes (RIC)?
The best known recycling codes are the resin identification codes (RIC) used on polymer products.
137
What guidance did the government issue in 2014?
The government issued guidance and introduced legislation for companies creating, using, and providing packaging products, outlining their duty to reduce packaging, minimize landfill waste, and increase recycling.
138
What obligation do large retailers have since 2015?
Since 2015, large retailers have been obliged to charge for single-use plastic bags.
139
What is one effective way to change our behavior regarding consumption?
Refusing certain products and materials, limiting consumption, and choosing more sustainable alternatives.
140
What does analyzing a product's lifecycle help designers achieve?
It allows designers to invent better and more sustainable design solutions.
141
What are the 'Six Rs'?
A framework that includes Reduce, Refuse, and other principles aimed at promoting sustainability.
142
What does 'Reduce' refer to in the context of sustainable manufacturing?
Making small reductions in all areas of manufacture over time to decrease overall consumption.
143
What areas can be reduced to make a big difference in consumption?
Raw materials, energy usage, resources, packaging, and product miles.
144
What is the first principle of the 'Six Rs'?
Reduce.
145
What is the significance of limiting consumption?
It contributes to sustainability by reducing the demand for resources and minimizing waste.
146
What is one effective way to change our behavior regarding consumption?
Refusing certain products and materials, limiting consumption, and choosing more sustainable alternatives.
147
What does analyzing a product's lifecycle help designers achieve?
It allows designers to invent better and more sustainable design solutions.
148
What are the 'Six Rs'?
A framework that includes Reduce, Refuse, and other principles aimed at promoting sustainability.
149
What does 'Reduce' refer to in the context of sustainable manufacturing?
Making small reductions in all areas of manufacture over time to decrease overall consumption.
150
What areas can be reduced to make a big difference in consumption?
Raw materials, energy usage, resources, packaging, and product miles.
151
What is the first principle of the 'Six Rs'?
Reduce.
152
What is the significance of limiting consumption?
It contributes to sustainability by reducing the demand for resources and minimizing waste.
153
What trend has emerged in recent decades regarding broken products?
We have become a nation that would rather throw away a broken product and replace it, rather than repair it.
154
What do many manufacturers build into their products?
Many manufacturers build obsolescence into a product.
155
Can materials be recycled?
Many materials can be recycled, but how often this can be done depends on the material.
156
Which materials can be recycled almost infinitely?
Glass and most metals can be recycled almost infinitely without losing their integrity.
157
How does recycling affect paper?
Paper loses quality after it is recycled just a few times.
158
What can manufacturers, retailers, and consumers rethink?
The way products are made and consumed.
159
How can products be designed?
To be longer lasting, more easily mended, sold in less packaging, made from fewer materials, and recyclable, reusable, or biodegradable.
160
What does reuse include?
Reusing, refilling, repurposing, or upcycling a product at the end of its life.
161
What items were historically handed down through families?
Household items including furniture, valuables, and even clothes.
162
What savings can be made by reusing products?
Savings on manufacturing costs, replacement costs, and waste disposal costs.
163
Why is maintenance important in a workshop or industrial facility?
It ensures optimal working conditions and prolongs the lifespan of machines and equipment.
164
What are the benefits of regular or scheduled maintenance?
It improves performance, ensures safe and efficient operation, and reduces the risk of breakdowns and costly repairs.
165
What do products like electric toothbrushes and washing machines come with?
An instruction manual providing maintenance information.
166
What kind of maintenance is often required for household products?
Simple, regular attention such as checking batteries, cleaning parts, and cleaning/replacing filters.
167
What do malconnected products provide access to?
Batteries and other compartments without the need for specialist tools.
168
What are examples of integral fixings that make maintenance easier?
Snap, clip, and crimped fittings.
169
What is a risk associated with temporary fixings like nuts and screws?
They may fail or get lost over time.
170
What are standardised fittings?
Fittings and fixtures that are usually mass produced and available in standardised sizes.
## Footnote
Examples include nuts, bolts, washers, locks, zips, screws, buttons, and threaded lids.
171
Why are standardised fittings preferable to bespoke made parts?
They are easier and cheaper to source.
172
What is a benefit of using standardised parts in global products?
It makes products easier to repair and maintain.
173
What is a key benefit of upgrading products?
A product that can be maintained or upgraded is more 'future proofed' than one with built-in obsolescence.
174
Why are products with free software updates attractive to consumers?
They postpone obsolescence by keeping the product up to date, making new features and services available and improving performance.
175
What do new software releases allow?
New software releases allow the latest operating systems to run and can improve security.
176
What are some design strategies to increase manufacturing ease and efficiency?
1. Designing integrated fittings
2. Designing to reduce material thickness
3. Using pre-made components
4. Working to standardised sizes
177
What has led to a greater number of products going to landfill in recent decades?
Developments in manufacturing and technology have resulted in the shortening of expected product lifespans.
178
What was the historical method for dealing with scrap vehicles?
Scrap vehicles were stripped down or broken to retrieve and sell or reuse metals and other valuable materials.
179
What was a limitation of the historical reclamation process for scrap vehicles?
It only retrieved parts of value and was often a brutal process as cars were not designed with disassembly in mind.
180
What advancements have been made in recent years regarding vehicle reclamation?
Systems have been developed to allow more comprehensive breaking, reclamation, and recycling.
181
What is disassembly in the context of recycling?
Disassembly is the process used to retrieve parts, components, and materials for reuse and recycling.
182
What focus have designers had in recent years regarding product design?
There has been a focus to reduce the number of parts and components in a product.
183
What obligation do manufacturers have regarding their products at the end of life?
Manufacturers are now obliged to consider the ease with which their products are broken down and processed at end of life.
184
What is the purpose of material selection in design for disassembly?
Materials should be chosen for ease of disassembly and processing at end-of-life without compromising the structural integrity of the product.
185
What must be considered in addition to material selection?
Ease of manufacture must be considered including the potential to integrate fixtures and finishes.
186
How can disassembly be made easier?
Disassembly can be made easier by using fewer materials per product.
187
What is the role of integration in design for disassembly?
Incorporating fittings and fixtures within a product enables quicker and easier disassembly.
188
What are the benefits of reducing the number of separate fixings?
It reduces the amount of time it takes to dismantle a product and avoids the need for adhesives.
189
What does reduction in design for disassembly entail?
A designer may seek to minimise the number of different materials, parts, and processes used.
190
What are the advantages of minimising materials and parts?
It makes disassembly easier and less time consuming, and enables easier recognition of material types for reuse or recycling.
191
What is the relationship between the number of parts and disassembly likelihood?
Fewer parts used increases the likelihood of disassembly and decreases the likelihood of a product ending up in landfill.
192
What should manufacturers avoid to produce sustainable products?
Manufacturers should avoid using a large number of parts and different types of materials.
## Footnote
This includes the use of irreversible adhesives in laminations and joints.
193
What types of materials should not be added to sustainable products?
Manufacturers should avoid adding paints and finishes that contaminate materials.
## Footnote
Additionally, they should avoid using a range of different types of fixings.
194
What hazardous elements should be avoided in sustainable product manufacturing?
Manufacturers should avoid the use of any hazardous materials and integrated batteries.
195
What is Liam designed to do?
Liam is a robot designed by Apple to fully disassemble an iPhone in 11 seconds.
## Footnote
This enables the recovery of materials and parts including components, precious metals, heavy metals, minerals, and fixings.
196
What are smart materials?
Smart materials can deform or experience a change in shape under the influence of an external stimulus.
197
How can SMA fixings be activated at end-of-life?
SMA fixings can be activated by direct heat or by using an electric charge.
198
What is the purpose of activating SMA fixings?
This may cause the fixing to open, deform or disengage, enabling easier disassembly.
199
How can screws and bolts be designed for disassembly?
Screws and bolts can be designed to lose their threads.
200
What is active disassembly?
Active disassembly involves the use of smart materials to speed up the disassembly process.
201
What are the types of smart materials used in active disassembly?
Shape memory alloys (SMA) and shape memory polymers (SMP).
202
What does ADSM stand for?
ADSM stands for active disassembly using smart materials.
203
What is a key advantage of ADSM?
ADSM does not damage parts, enabling them to be used again.
204
How does ADSM affect disassembly of products with many small parts?
Using SMA and SMP fixings could make the disassembly process faster and more efficient.
205
What are designers seeking in product design?
Designers are always seeking new and innovative ways of making parts and products that cause little or no impact on the environment.
206
What is the impact of active disassembly on recycling rates?
Active disassembly using smart materials effectively increases end-of-life recycling rates for electronic products.
207
What materials are some products made from?
Some products are made from natural starch-based biopolymers like PHA, bamboo, and even compressed paper pulp.
