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Finals Study Guide Honors Biology > Unit 10 vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 10 vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

determining the relative ages of fossils without actually determining their precise age; in other words, knowing that one fossil is older than other because it is located deeper in the rock layers

A

relative dating

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2
Q

using the known decay rate of certain isotopes (like carbon 14) to determine the age of rocks and thus the age of the fossils contained within the rock

A

radiometric dating

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3
Q

the time required for half of a sample of isotope to decay

A

half life

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4
Q

theory that explains how the large blocks of earths crust move around

A

plate tectonics

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5
Q

a system of measurement to describe the history of earth

A

geologic time scale

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6
Q

the oldest era; made up of simple, single celled organisms; 4.6bya-540 mya

A

precambrian

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7
Q

the era after the precambrian; 540 mya- 245 mya; begins with an explosive radiation of new life forms and ends with a mass extinction event that coincides with the formation of the supercontinent pangea

A

paleozoic

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8
Q

the era after the paleozoic; 245mya- 65mya; begins with an explosive radiation of new life forms (particularly reptiles) and ends with the mass extinction of the dinosaurs that coincides with a meteor impact

A

Mesozoic

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9
Q

the most recent era; 65mya- present;begins with an explosive radiation of new life forms (particularly birds and mammals) and is still going

A

Cenozoic

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10
Q

an event in the fossil record in which a large majority of the species present go extinct and are not seen in the fossil record again

A

mass extinction

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11
Q

an event in the fossil record in which a large number of new species or forms appears in the fossil record in a very short period of time

A

explosive radiation/ adaptive radiation

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12
Q

stands for billion years ago

A

BYA

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13
Q

stands for million years ago

A

MYA

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14
Q

the large continent formed at the end of the paleozoic that is made up of all of the modern continents

A

Pangea

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15
Q

change in populations over time

A

evolution

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16
Q

a well supported idea in science that explains all observations from a phenomenon; all observations, experiments, etc. support the theory; no evidence disputes the functioning of the theory

A

theory

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17
Q

wrote “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” after taking a 5 year voyage around the world on the HMS beagle and visiting the Galapagos Islands

A

Charles Darwin

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18
Q

also developed the idea of natural selection by means of natural selectjon at the same time as Darwin

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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19
Q

selecting desired traits for the purpose of breeding animals like dogs, cats, cattle, etc.; what caused the evolution of all the different kinds of dog breeds

A

Artificial selection

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20
Q

when organisms with a desirable variation survive, reproduce, and pass on that favorable variation to future generations

A

natural selection

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21
Q

the ability to survive, reproduce and pass on traitd to future generations

A

fitness

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22
Q

another way of thinking of natural selection

A

survival of the fittest

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23
Q

where Darwin visited and observed so many organisms that helped to shape his ideas about natural selection

A

Galapagos Islands

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24
Q

more babies are born than can survive in a population

A

Overproduction

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25
all individuals in a population are genetically different (due to presence od mutations that accumalate variety in a species)
variation
26
any factor that results in natural selection (like a drought, a predator, competition for food, etc.)
selection pressure
27
those individuals that are best adapted are most fit
best adapted
28
over a long time
many generations
29
any variatjon that improves the chances of an organism surviving, reproducing, and passing on its traitd to future generations
Adaptation
30
an example of an adpatation in which species can blend in to their surroundings
camouflage
31
an example of an adaptation in which species can copy the appearance of more dangerous organisms
mimicry
32
a classic example of observed, documented, natural selection in action; peppered moths evolved in response to large scale enviromental changes observed in and around london after the beginning of the industrial revolution
peppered moth
33
another classic example of observed, documented, natural selection in action; bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics (meaning the antibiotic no longer works and kills the bacteria) as a result of the strong selection pressure applied by treating so many bacterial infections with antibiotics
antibiotic resistant bacteria
34
same basic structure seen in different organisms due to their evolution from a common ancestor; all terrestrial vertebrates have the basic bone structures in their limbs
homologous structure
35
a structure present in a modern organism that has no mnown function but it is present because it was useful in an ancestral species; like humans having gill slits during their embryo develop
vestigial structure
36
a similar structure seen in different organisms due to their experienceing similar natural selection pressures (not evolved from a common ancestor); like birds and insects having wings
Analogous structure
37
the basic limb structure of all terrestrial vertebrates ( the same 5 digit plan)
pentadactyl limb
38
a single species from which multiple modern species evolve
common ancestor
39
the studying of embryos to understand evolutionary relationships
embyrology
40
the studying of DNA to understand evolutionary relationships
Biochemical evidence
41
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time
population
42
all of the genes of a population
gene pool
43
how common a particular allele is in a population
allele frequency
44
when allele frequencies do not change in a population over time
genetic equilbrium
45
a permanent change in DNA; alters allele frequencies of a population by introducing new alleles to a population
mutation
46
a change in allele frequencies of a population due to chance events
genetic drift
47
a change in allele frequencies in a population due to some males reproducing more than others due to female preferences
sexual/ mate selection
48
resukts in a change in allele frequencies by the movement of individuals from one population to another
migration
49
when organisms with a desirable variation survive, reproduce, and pass on that favorable variation to future generations
natural selection
50
a type of genetic drift event in which a population's allele frequencies are changed due to the settling of a new population by just a few individuals
founder effect
51
a type of genetic drift event in which a population's allele frequencies are changed due to a population being reduced dramatically to just a few individuals
bottleneck
52
permanent and complete removal of a species from environment
extinction
53
the movement of genes from one population to another that results when individuals migrate
gene flow
54
movement of genes into a population
immigration
55
movement of genes out of a population
emigration
56
a group of individuals that can breed to produce fertile offpspring (offpspring can grow up and have babies)
species
57
the evolution of new species
speciation
58
any barrier that prevents two individuals from being able to meet up and breed (like being seperated from one another by a river, valley, canyon, etc.)
prezygotic barrier
59
a type of pre-zygotic barrier in which individuals are physically seperated from one another
geographic isolation
60
speciation that results from geographic isolation
allopatric speciation
61
species that results without geoegraphic isolation
sympatric speciation
62
any barrier that prevents two individuals from being able to create fertile offspring (like they are too genetically different and the egg can thus not be fertilized by the sperm)
postzygotic barrier
63
a type of post zygotic barrier in which individuals are physically unable to form fertile offspring, even if they try to mate
reproductive isolation
64
a speciation event that occurs in plants
polyploidy
65
evidence of an organism from the past; must be at least 10,000 years old
fossil

Finals Study Guide Honors Biology (11 decks)

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