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Finals Study Guide Honors Biology > Unit 10 vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 10 vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

determining the relative ages of fossils without actually determining their precise age; in other words, knowing that one fossil is older than other because it is located deeper in the rock layers

A

relative dating

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2
Q

using the known decay rate of certain isotopes (like carbon 14) to determine the age of rocks and thus the age of the fossils contained within the rock

A

radiometric dating

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3
Q

the time required for half of a sample of isotope to decay

A

half life

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4
Q

theory that explains how the large blocks of earths crust move around

A

plate tectonics

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5
Q

a system of measurement to describe the history of earth

A

geologic time scale

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6
Q

the oldest era; made up of simple, single celled organisms; 4.6bya-540 mya

A

precambrian

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7
Q

the era after the precambrian; 540 mya- 245 mya; begins with an explosive radiation of new life forms and ends with a mass extinction event that coincides with the formation of the supercontinent pangea

A

paleozoic

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8
Q

the era after the paleozoic; 245mya- 65mya; begins with an explosive radiation of new life forms (particularly reptiles) and ends with the mass extinction of the dinosaurs that coincides with a meteor impact

A

Mesozoic

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9
Q

the most recent era; 65mya- present;begins with an explosive radiation of new life forms (particularly birds and mammals) and is still going

A

Cenozoic

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10
Q

an event in the fossil record in which a large majority of the species present go extinct and are not seen in the fossil record again

A

mass extinction

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11
Q

an event in the fossil record in which a large number of new species or forms appears in the fossil record in a very short period of time

A

explosive radiation/ adaptive radiation

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12
Q

stands for billion years ago

A

BYA

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13
Q

stands for million years ago

A

MYA

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14
Q

the large continent formed at the end of the paleozoic that is made up of all of the modern continents

A

Pangea

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15
Q

change in populations over time

A

evolution

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16
Q

a well supported idea in science that explains all observations from a phenomenon; all observations, experiments, etc. support the theory; no evidence disputes the functioning of the theory

A

theory

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17
Q

wrote “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” after taking a 5 year voyage around the world on the HMS beagle and visiting the Galapagos Islands

A

Charles Darwin

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18
Q

also developed the idea of natural selection by means of natural selectjon at the same time as Darwin

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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19
Q

selecting desired traits for the purpose of breeding animals like dogs, cats, cattle, etc.; what caused the evolution of all the different kinds of dog breeds

A

Artificial selection

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20
Q

when organisms with a desirable variation survive, reproduce, and pass on that favorable variation to future generations

A

natural selection

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21
Q

the ability to survive, reproduce and pass on traitd to future generations

A

fitness

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22
Q

another way of thinking of natural selection

A

survival of the fittest

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23
Q

where Darwin visited and observed so many organisms that helped to shape his ideas about natural selection

A

Galapagos Islands

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24
Q

more babies are born than can survive in a population

A

Overproduction

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25
Q

all individuals in a population are genetically different (due to presence od mutations that accumalate variety in a species)

A

variation

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26
Q

any factor that results in natural selection (like a drought, a predator, competition for food, etc.)

A

selection pressure

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27
Q

those individuals that are best adapted are most fit

A

best adapted

28
Q

over a long time

A

many generations

29
Q

any variatjon that improves the chances of an organism surviving, reproducing, and passing on its traitd to future generations

A

Adaptation

30
Q

an example of an adpatation in which species can blend in to their surroundings

A

camouflage

31
Q

an example of an adaptation in which species can copy the appearance of more dangerous organisms

A

mimicry

32
Q

a classic example of observed, documented, natural selection in action; peppered moths evolved in response to large scale enviromental changes observed in and around london after the beginning of the industrial revolution

A

peppered moth

33
Q

another classic example of observed, documented, natural selection in action; bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics (meaning the antibiotic no longer works and kills the bacteria) as a result of the strong selection pressure applied by treating so many bacterial infections with antibiotics

A

antibiotic resistant bacteria

34
Q

same basic structure seen in different organisms due to their evolution from a common ancestor; all terrestrial vertebrates have the basic bone structures in their limbs

A

homologous structure

35
Q

a structure present in a modern organism that has no mnown function but it is present because it was useful in an ancestral species; like humans having gill slits during their embryo develop

A

vestigial structure

36
Q

a similar structure seen in different organisms due to their experienceing similar natural selection pressures (not evolved from a common ancestor); like birds and insects having wings

A

Analogous structure

37
Q

the basic limb structure of all terrestrial vertebrates ( the same 5 digit plan)

A

pentadactyl limb

38
Q

a single species from which multiple modern species evolve

A

common ancestor

39
Q

the studying of embryos to understand evolutionary relationships

A

embyrology

40
Q

the studying of DNA to understand evolutionary relationships

A

Biochemical evidence

41
Q

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

A

population

42
Q

all of the genes of a population

A

gene pool

43
Q

how common a particular allele is in a population

A

allele frequency

44
Q

when allele frequencies do not change in a population over time

A

genetic equilbrium

45
Q

a permanent change in DNA; alters allele frequencies of a population by introducing new alleles to a population

A

mutation

46
Q

a change in allele frequencies of a population due to chance events

A

genetic drift

47
Q

a change in allele frequencies in a population due to some males reproducing more than others due to female preferences

A

sexual/ mate selection

48
Q

resukts in a change in allele frequencies by the movement of individuals from one population to another

A

migration

49
Q

when organisms with a desirable variation survive, reproduce, and pass on that favorable variation to future generations

A

natural selection

50
Q

a type of genetic drift event in which a population’s allele frequencies are changed due to the settling of a new population by just a few individuals

A

founder effect

51
Q

a type of genetic drift event in which a population’s allele frequencies are changed due to a population being reduced dramatically to just a few individuals

A

bottleneck

52
Q

permanent and complete removal of a species from environment

A

extinction

53
Q

the movement of genes from one population to another that results when individuals migrate

A

gene flow

54
Q

movement of genes into a population

A

immigration

55
Q

movement of genes out of a population

A

emigration

56
Q

a group of individuals that can breed to produce fertile offpspring (offpspring can grow up and have babies)

A

species

57
Q

the evolution of new species

A

speciation

58
Q

any barrier that prevents two individuals from being able to meet up and breed (like being seperated from one another by a river, valley, canyon, etc.)

A

prezygotic barrier

59
Q

a type of pre-zygotic barrier in which individuals are physically seperated from one another

A

geographic isolation

60
Q

speciation that results from geographic isolation

A

allopatric speciation

61
Q

species that results without geoegraphic isolation

A

sympatric speciation

62
Q

any barrier that prevents two individuals from being able to create fertile offspring (like they are too genetically different and the egg can thus not be fertilized by the sperm)

A

postzygotic barrier

63
Q

a type of post zygotic barrier in which individuals are physically unable to form fertile offspring, even if they try to mate

A

reproductive isolation

64
Q

a speciation event that occurs in plants

A

polyploidy

65
Q

evidence of an organism from the past; must be at least 10,000 years old

A

fossil

Finals Study Guide Honors Biology (11 decks)

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