Unit 10 Reproductive PP Flashcards
How is vaginal mucosa protected from infection?
It has a high pH
Explain what happens if fertilization occurs or does not occur
After ovulation, the follicle develops into the corpus luteum
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum enlarges and begins to secrete hormones that maintain and support pregnancy
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum secretes these hormones for approximately 14 days and then degenerates, which triggers the maturation of another follicle
What are the menstrual cycle phases?
Menstruation (menses)
Follicular/proliferative phase
Luteal/secretory phase
Ischemic/menstrual phase
KNOW THIS ORDER: MFLI…then it starts again!
Which hormone inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion?
Inhibin
What causes menopause?
caused by decreased ovarian function that leads to decreased estrogen and progesterone production—which causes the normal negative feedback system to increase LH and FSH
A 45-year-old female is experiencing menopause. Which of the following would be expected to accompany this condition?
Increased FSH and LH
Delayed or absent puberty is normal in __% of cases
95
What is primary amenorrhea?
No menarche, no menstruation by age 13-and no secondary sex characteristic development. If no menarche by 15 –> amenorrhea.
What are some causes of secondary amenorrhea?
thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, excessive stress or weight loss, and polycystic ovary syndrome
PID (what, severity, cause, associated w/)
Pelvic inflammatory disease is an acute inflammatory process caused by infection.
May involve any organ of the genital tract or entire pelvic cavity in severest form
Sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina to the upper genital tract
Associated with multiple sexual partners, previous PID, douches, IUD for birth control
Salpingitis (what, how, causes, manifestations, symptoms, Tx)
Inflammation causes changes in columnar epithelium that lines the UPPER reproductive tract
Causes localized edema and possible necrosis
Some causes:
- Gonorrhea gonococci attach to fallopian tube
- Chalmydia enters the tubal cells and replicates, causing the cell membrane to burst as the chalmydia reproduces. Causes permanent scaring
May cause infertility and tubal obstruction, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain, and intestinal obstruction
Manifestations vary from no pain to sudden severe abdominal pain with fever
Symptoms often vague—mild to severe pain.
Rapid empiric treatment to prevent complications
Leiomyomas (what, sensitive to ___, classified as ____(3), causes)
Commonly called myomas or uterine fibroids
Benign tumors of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium
Estrogen- and progesterone-sensitive
Classified as subserous, submucous, or intramural
Causes abnormal uterine bleeding, pain, and symptoms related to pressure on nearby structures
Define endometriosis, ID risk and hallmark symptom
endometrial tissue grows outside of uterus. Highly associated with infertility. Hallmark symptom: dyschezia (pain on defecation).
What is cervical cancer often associated with?
HPV infection, esp. type 16.
First sign of breast cancer?
painless lump
breast cancer s/s
painless lump, palpable lymph nodes in axilla, dimpling of skin (orange peel), edema, bone pain
What is the likely prognosis when “orange peel” skin is seen on the surface of the breast and what causes the dimpling?
no bueno. A result of pitting and edema that indicates blockage of lymphatic drainage w or w/out stromal infiltration.
Phimosis
Inability to retract foreskin from the glans of the penis (distal to proximal)
Frequently caused by poor hygiene or chronic infections
May require circumcision
Paraphimosis
Inability to replace or cover the glans with the foreskin (proximal to distal)
Surgical emergency to prevent necrosis if severe
What is Peyronie disease, how and when does it develop?
Peyronie disease
“Bent nail syndrome”
Slow development of fibrous plaques (thickening) in the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa, causing a lateral curvature of the penis during erection
Occurs in middle-aged men and causes painful erections and intercourse
What is Priapism and how severe is it?
Condition of prolonged penile erection
Urologic emergency
What is balanitis?
Inflammation of the glans penis
Usually associated with prepuce inflammation (posthitis)
Accumulation under the foreskin (smegma) can irritate the glans or lead to infection
prepuce
foreskin
Variocele (what, aka, when, cause, Tx)
Abnormal dilation of the testicular vein and the pampiniform plexus within the scrotum
aka “Bag of worms”
Commonly identified in infertile men
Usually found on the left side
Most develop in adolescence
Cause is poorly understood
Scrotal support if mild, surgery if more severe
