Unit 10- managing strategic change Flashcards
what are some factors managers must consider when managing change?
- internal + external environment
- employee resistance
whats lewin’s force field?
lewin’s force field analysis supports managers and leaders in comparing pressures or forces for chnage against the forces resisting change
what are some forces contributing to change?
- poor financial performance
- poor customer satisfaction
what are some factors contributing to resisting change?
- A lack of resources, including finance and labour, may provide resistance to change if a business is unable to provide the resources needed for change.
- Employee concerns may provide resistance to change if employees are worried about the impact of the change on their job security or working conditions.
what does kotter and schlesinger propose?
six strategies which managers and leaders can use to overcome resistance to change
what are the 6 strategies proposed by kotter and schlesinger for overcoming change?
1- educating and communicating with staff 2-facilitation and support 3-participation and involvement 4- coercion (co-operate or redundancy) 5- negotiation and rewards 6- manipulation
how does educating and communicating with staff overcome resistance to change?
Educating and communicating with staff can help employees overcome their resistance as discussions can be used to inform staff of the reason behind why the change is required for the business’ ongoing success.
how does facilitating and supporting with staff overcome resistance to change?
Facilitation can help employees overcome their resistance through supporting and providing resources so that employees have the tools needed to address and adapt to change.
how does participation and involvement with staff overcome resistance to change?
Participation can help employees overcome their resistance by giving them a sense of involvement and ownership so that they feel involved with the process of change.
how does manipulation of staff overcome resistance to change?
Manipulation can help employees overcome their resistance through targeting employees likely to offer the most resistance and offering opportunities for these employees to become involved in the change process.
how does negotiation with staff overcome resistance to change?
Negotiation can help employees overcome their resistance through offering rewards to employees who agree to co-operate with and support change.
how does coercion with staff overcome resistance to change?
Coercion can force employees to overcome their resistance by offering employees the decision to either co-operate or accept redundancy.
what are some factors which may be reasons for resistance?
- Employee self-interest may provide resistance to change as employees value their own values and beliefs above those of the business.
- Employee misunderstanding may provide resistance to change as employees simply do not understand the change or do not understand how it will affect them.
what are some reasons why resistance may be continued?
- Employees may prefer the current situation (known as the status quo) and therefore see no reason to change, and therefore resist any change proposed.
- Employees may have made a different assessment to that of the managers and leaders, and may agree that some change is needed, but may disagree about the type of change needed, which can provide resistance.
what does organisational culture refer to?
Organisational culture refers to the ethos, values and beliefs of a business and its employees.
what model can you use to study business culture, managers and leader?
Handy’s model
what is meant by power culture?
Power culture refers to a business that places importance on the authority and decision-making power of a small number of key employees.
what is meant by role culture?
Role culture refers to a business which places importance on employees having clear roles within the organisation.
what is meant by task culture?
Task culture refers to a business which places importance on employees being associated with tasks and projects within the organisation.
what is meant by person culture?
Person culture refers to a business that places importance on employees being valued and operating autonomously within the business.
what does Hofstede’s model state?
Hofstede’s model of national culture states that businesses operating internationally will be affected by the cultural influences of the different countries in which they operate:
- individualism and collectivism
- uncertainty avoidance
- power distance
- masculinity and femininity
- long- term orientation
what is meant by individualism and collectivism?
Individualism and collectivism state that different countries will influence branches of a business in different ways as some countries have societies which value individuals whereas other countries have societies which value team members.
what is meant by power distance?
Power distance states that different countries will influence branches of a business in different ways as some countries have societies which value individuals based on age and experience whereas other countries have societies which value individuals based on their skill and ability.
what is meant by long term orientation?
Long-term orientation states that different countries will influence branches of a business in different ways as some countries have societies and governments which value short-term approaches whereas other countries have societies and governments which value long-term approaches.
what is meant by uncertainty avoidance?
Uncertainty avoidance states that different countries will influence branches of a business in different ways as some countries have high adversity to uncertainty whereas other countries have much lower adversity to uncertainty.
what is meant by masculinity and femininity?
Masculinity and femininity state that decision-making approaches may differ between cultures and that masculinity focusses on rewards and discipline whereas femininity focusses instead on relationships and being caring.
