unit 1 & unit 2 review Flashcards
What were the core beliefs and practices of Confucianism
Based on relationships of respect, fiatal piety, forced on life rather than after death, education
What were the core beliefs and practices of Daoism
connect with nature, disengage with public life, simple living with limited government and education, focused on life rather than death
What were the core beliefs and practices of Buddhism
two types- Theravada (more traditional) and Mahayama (more for all people), if one followed eightfold path they would reach nirvana, challenged caste system
How did Confucianism influence China
Adopted a lot of government structure, views of woman, and education
How did Daoism influence China
very common religious practice commbined with Buddhism, incorperated into art and litarture
How did Buddhism influence China
architecture, commbined with Confucianism, one of the biggest religions practiced in East Asia.
How did the Song Dynasty Confucianism to maintain and justify their rule?
Affected views on woman (looked down upon), elevated education value, better bureaucratic system
How did the Song Dynasty Imperial bureaucracies to maintain and justify their rule?
Civil Service exam to make officals acctually compotant, 6 minatsries broken overseen by 1
How did the Song Dynasty Mandate of Heaven to maintain and justify their rule?
If something like a natraal disaster were to happen it would mean the gods were unhappy with current ruler and they would be overthrown
How did Chinese cultural traditions influence Japan?
Willingly took on many Chinese aspects (Buddhism, art and lit, education, medicine), Writing system was Chinese charcaters with phonectic symbols, women’s rights were more lax until about 1300
How did Chinese cultural traditions influence Korea?
Politically independent by paying tribute to China, adopted Confucius beliefs, very strict roles and rules for women, Buddhism adopted, used own phonetic alphabet (hangul)
How did Chinese cultural traditions influence Vietnam?
Religous beliefs, Civil Service exam, art and lit styles, heartland incorperated into Chinese state, payed tribute, used Mandate of Heaven, saw themselves less as a different country more as an extent of China
How did Silk & porcelain contribute to the expansion and commercialization of the Chinese economy?
Dominated the industry, made extreme wealth through trading it on Silk Road
How did the Grand Canal contribute to the expansion and commercialization of the Chinese economy?
Cheap movement of goods internally, peasants could now sell goods to pay the cash tax, engineered paper money
How did the Champa rice contribute to the expansion and commercialization of the Chinese economy?
Could be harvested 2 times per year, drought resistant, caused population boom
How did Steel & iron production contribute to the expansion and commercialization of the Chinese economy?
Could now produce armor and weapons, better military, allowed for movable type and GUNPOWDER
How did the peasants & artisans contribute to the expansion and commercialization of the Chinese economy?
Could sell goods around and incorporate different cultures into Chinese life, artisans expanded Chinese culture through art and literature
How did the spread of Buddhism influence societies in Asia and lead to a variety of practices and branches (Theravada)?
Theravada was more traditional and nirvana was harder to achieve
How did the spread of Buddhism influence societies in Asia and lead to a variety of practices and branches (Mahayana)?
Mahayana was thought to be “for the people”
could be achieved in one life time
others could “stay behind” and teach others how to achieve nirvana
What were the origins and core beliefs of Islam?
3rd Abrahamic faith
Mecca center of faith
Muhammad Ibn Adbulla founder
Messenger from Allah
Follows word of Quaran
How did military expansion contribute to the expansion of Islam in Afro-Eurasia?
Conquest from India to Spain, Turks convert to Islam
How did missionairies contribute to the expansion of Islam in Afro-Eurasia?
Would come to and from Mecca to spread religion, Mansa Musa bringing Islam back to Timbuktu
How did the merchants contribute to the expansion of Islam in Afro-Eurasia?
As people used the Sand Roads, ideas would be spread and picked up.
What factors contributed to the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate
Turkish pastorilis (started as slaved) grabbed power, split into sultanates ruled by the Turks by 1200, finally ended in 1258 due to Mongol invasion.
What were the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam?
Advances in mathematics & medicine
algebra, drugs (pain killers?)
What were the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam?
Transfer of knowledge
Irrigaion technology, crops, trading partners
How did Hinduism shape societies in South and Southeast Asia?
Affected architecture, incorperated with Buddhism
How did Buddhism shape societies in South and Southeast Asia?
Affected architecture (Ankor Wat) , incorperated with Hinduism
How did Islam shape societies in South and Southeast Asia?
Blended with Buddhism and Hinduism, all 3 kind of muddled
How did Srivijaya in South and Southeast Asia develop and maintain power?
Won dommonce over Stright of Malacca
How did the Sultanate of Malacca in South and Southeast Asia develop and maintain power?
Became big connection on commerce, China plates a part in its rise to power
How did geography impact state-building in South and Southeast Asia?
Water ways allowed for more trade
Far enough from China it was harder to conqour
Could build own culture
Monsoons were predictable and could be planned around
What were the scope and characteristics of trade networks in the Americas?
Less deeply woven than Afro-Eurasia
limited by climate change from North to South
Rain forest were also a limiting factor
From Mesoamerica to South America
How and why did Aztec (Mexica) Empire expand in scope and power?
Largest and longest empire before Spanish takeover, built up army to build power, made strong alliances through marriage, slaves used as human labor to help with things for all people
How and why did Inca Empire expand in scope and power?
Built up on conquest, very bureaucratic with strong government, roads for trade, conquered people did work for the state
How did the spread of Islam influence Mali Empire
They controlled and expanded trade due to gold and salt, therefore also spread Islam along Sand Roads, stronger ties for trading partners
How did the spread of Islam influence Swahili city-states
Also big in trade (coast), incorperated Islam and older African traditions, used as middle man because of same religion
How and why did the Mali Empire develop and expand in scope and power?
Because of Islam, dominat in gold trade, wealth through salt and slave ecomomy
How and why did the Swahili city-states develop and expand in scope and power?
Trading coast with Perisa, Arabia, etc, BIG middleman bringing outside culture in
How did Islam influence Europe
Islam: less seen, more in Mediterranean where Islam flouished
How did Judaism influence Europe
Judaism: Looked down upon more as Christianity rose,
How did Christianity influence Europe
Christianity: biggest influence, church controlled government, gained wealth through church wealth
What were the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Western Europe?
describe feudalism
Lords served monarchs and collected taxes, kept order, raised armies, and enforced law, based on contracts between lords and those under; land for protection
How did the predominance of agriculture impact the social organization of Western Europe?
coerced labor (serfs):
Slaves, bound to master, NOT property though, allowed more hands in fields and boasted agriculture
How did the predominance of agriculture impact the social organization of Western Europe?
free labor (peasants, artisans):
New professional guilds, more like unions, working for the needs or peasants, more people went to be artisans etc than working in the fields
What factors contributed to the Decline of Byzantine Empire?
disease, the capture of Constantinople by the Ottomans
What factors contributed to the Rise of Russia
Declined after capture of Constantinople
How did the Mongols conquered existing civilizations and establish new governments (khanates) in Russia
They put their government there and kind of left them to be, except to take the taxes, khanate of the golden horde
How did the Mongols conquered existing civilizations and establish new governments (khanates) in Persia (Abbasid Caliphate)
used a lot of their bureaucracic systems but mostly left the ruling in their hands, converted to Islam, Perisa almost fell after Mongols fell
How did the Mongols conquered existing civilizations and establish new governments (khanates) in China – Yuan Dynasty
unified China (granted Mandate of Heaven), used a lot of their government practices, gave Chinese people high positions in government, ignored Civil Service Exam
What impact did the Mongols’ have on conquered people? How did this affect the Mongols over time?
They took the people into their military, killed, or sent of specilized workers to other parts of the empire- over time muddled cultures, no string alliance to ruler, large powerful army
How did the Mongols’ impact interregional trade networks? What are some examples of diffusion of culture and technology that took place as a result of Mongul rule?
They unified the SIlk road and therefore inhibited trade all over Afro-Eurasia: spread of navigational tools, mathematics an d med practiced from Islam, crops, movable type
What factors contributed to the decline of the Mongol Empire?
The Black Plague, pushed out by rebellions in China, in Russia they built up power and pushed them out, in Persia
How were states/empires of this time period similar and different in how they developed and maintained (or lost) power? Consider the following areas of comparison:
Systems of governing
-Bureaucracies one ruler vs factions
-Establishing legitimacy of rulers Mandate of Heaven vs something else (who grabs power first?)
How were states/empires of this time period similar and different in how they developed and maintained (or lost) power? Consider the following areas of comparison:
Military organization/expansion
focused in military vs not
The Silk Roads
Where? Which regions?
What goods were traded?
Environmental conditions and challenges?
Technological innovations that helped expand trade?
Key cities, states, empires?
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, India, Start of Europe
Silk, crops, normal trading things
Not really- East to West so no climite changes
Yokes, saddles, stirrups, use of horses and oxen, paper money=less weight
Romans and China held dominance on Silk Roads, flourished under Byzantine again,
Indian Ocena Trade
Where? Which regions?
What goods were traded?
Environmental conditions and challenges?
Technological innovations that helped expand trade?
Key cities, states, empires?
India Ocean lands, coast of Eastern Africa to Ociana, including India, and Southeast Asia
more bulk goods because of ships power of animals, massive outflow of Chinese goods
Monsoon winds allowed for predictable paths ships could take, obviously water makes things dangerous
Ship building and things like the compass and astrolabe help for navigation
the Srivigaya held dominion over the Strait of Malacca and the kingdom, giving it upperhand in trade of the region, Malacca became big player in commerce, China helped the rise of Malacca
Trans- Saharan Trade
Where? Which regions?
What goods were traded?
Environmental conditions and challenges?
Technological innovations that helped expand trade?
Key cities, states, empires?
North, West, and some parts of East Africa, along with some of the Middle East
Big gold, salt, and slave trade in area, along with cloth, and spread of Islam
Large environmental variation, a desert, so obvious difficulties and adaptaions needed to happen
Use of Arabia camel for longer distances in desert
North Africa civilzations such as Ghana, Mali, Timbuktu florised because of the trade and became a learning center
What were the cultural and intellectual effects of expanding trade networks?
Spread of religion
Massive spread of Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism
What were the cultural and intellectual effects of expanding trade networks?
Spread of technology
Navigational tools, algebra, medicine practices,
What were the cultural and intellectual effects of expanding trade networks?
Spread of ideas
views of women to Korea, views of woman and class in Africa writing systems
What were the cultural and intellectual effects of expanding trade networks?
Interactions between different regions
Famous Travelers
Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo
What were the environmental effects of expanding trade networks?
Spread of diseases
Black Plague
What were the environmental effects of expanding trade networks?
Spread of crops
sugarcane, rice, banana, lemons, Champa rice
How were the various trade networks similar and different in the following areas?
Technological innovations and commercial practices
Ship tech vs beast of burden tech
How were the various trade networks similar and different in the following areas?
Role of states and trading cities
One/ a few cities that control area vs hubs for culture to come and go
How were the various trade networks similar and different in the following areas?
Demand for goods
large demand for one particular good (silk, gold, salt, etc)
How were the various trade networks similar and different in the following areas?
Cultural, technological, and biological diffusion
more or less connected to rest of the world
How were the various trade networks similar and different in the following areas?
Factors that contributed to the rise and/or decline of trade
Internal (rebellion, fuedlism) vs external (conquest, disease)
How did the trade networks in the Americas compare with those of Afro-Eurasia?
more North- South: harder climate issues, less deeply woven, internal trade more than meeting with other parts of Americas, more slow spread,
Many different routes over many continents, faster and earlier spread from one place to another, more “unified”
How were states/empires of this time period similar and different in how they developed and maintained (or lost) power? Consider the following areas of comparison:
Innovations in technology
adopted other places tech vs made their own
How were states/empires of this time period similar and different in how they developed and maintained (or lost) power? Consider the following areas of comparison:
Promotion of trade and economic development
flourished under trade routes (based in location?)
How were states/empires of this time period similar and different in how they developed and maintained (or lost) power? Consider the following areas of comparison:
Social structures
Class and gender hierarchies larger sense of equality in classes and womans rights or no (and effect)
How were states/empires of this time period similar and different in how they developed and maintained (or lost) power? Consider the following areas of comparison:
Cultural traditions
Belief systems united in one religion vs blend of religions vs many seprate religions
Architecture and infrastructure diffusion of other areas in architecture?
How were states/empires of this time period similar and different in how they developed and maintained (or lost) power? Consider the following areas of comparison:
Continuing traditions from previous states/civilizations
new sense of tradition vs connection to past culture (effect?)
