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Higher Biology > Unit 1 Topic 7 + 8 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 7 + 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does evolution describe?

A

evolution describes the changes that occur to a species over time

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2
Q

What does evolution lead to

A

offspring that are better adapted to survive in their environment than the previous generation

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3
Q

What must there be changes in for evolution to occur?

A

the gene pool and hence changes to the frequency of genes

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4
Q

What does the gene pool refer to?

A

the different genes of a particular species

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5
Q

What does the allele frequency’s refer to

A

the frequency of any allele in the population

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6
Q

What is the frequency of any allele in the population known as?

A

the alley fequency

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7
Q

What might the allele frequency also be called?

A

gene frequency but this can be misleading as the term is used to describe the frequency of alleles, not genes

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8
Q

What is the definition of a mutation

A

a random change in the DNA sequence of an organism
this creates multiple alleles for many genes in the gene pool

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9
Q

What is the definition of gene migration?

A

the movement of alleles between populations by individuals arriving from a different population and breeding. these individuals have a different gene pool and therefore introduce new alleles into the population

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10
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

tends to occur in small populations and describes the change in allele frequency due to a chance event. small populations that are isolated form each other can vary greatly due to changes in allele frequencies

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11
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

does not change the frequency of the alleles, but increases the number of homozygous individuals. inbreeding is the most common form

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12
Q

what is a result of natural selection?

A

the frequency of an allele increases in a population if it provides a selective advantage

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13
Q

How can eukaryotes reproduce?

A

by sexual or asexual reproduction

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14
Q

What happens during sexual reproduction in terms of genetic material?

A

the genetic material of two parents is combined to produce a new organism

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15
Q

What happens during asexual reproduction?

A

a new organism is produced from a single parent

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16
Q

What type of gene transfer are both sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

vertical gene transfer

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17
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?

A

a process by which genes are transferred from parent(s) to offspring

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18
Q

How do prokaryotes most frequently reproduce?

A

asexually by a form of mitosis called binary fission

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19
Q

What type of gene transfer is binary fission (a form of mitosis)

A

vertical gene transfer

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20
Q

How else, apart from asexual reproduction, can prokaryotes pass on genetic material

A

between themselves

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21
Q

What type of gene transfer is prokaryotes passing genetic information between themselves?

A

horizontal gene transfer because genes are passed between members of the same generation, not between parents and offspring

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22
Q

What does horizontal gene transfer allow prokaryotes to experience?

A

rapid evolutionary change

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23
Q

Give steps of horizontal gene transfer in bacterium

A
  1. One bacterium contains a plasmid to be transferred
  2. A connection forms and the plasmid is copied
  3. Both bacteria now contain the plasmid
  4. The recipient may even integrate the plasmid into the chromosome
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24
Q

What is natural selection?

A

natural selection is the mechanism by which evolution occurs. it is a process that selects the phenotypes that are best suited to the survival of a species in its particular environment

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25
Q

what are three types of selection?

A

stabilising, directional and disruptive

26
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

the average phenotype is selected and the extremes survive much less well, possibly even disappearing.m

27
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

it is the extreme values of phenotypes that are chosen and those with average fitness are selected against.

28
Q

What is directional selection?

A

one extreme value or phenotype is selected over both the average and the other extreme value

29
Q

What is a species?

A

a species is described as a population of organisms that have the same characteristics and are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

30
Q

What do all members in a species have in common?

A

the same number of chromosomes and the same gene pool

31
Q

What is the difference between the gene pool and allele frequency?

A

the gene pool is the sun of all the different alleles contained with a population. the allele frequency’s is the abundance of any given allele in a population

32
Q

What is speciation?

A

speciation is the generation of new biological species by evolution as a result of isolation, mutation and selection

33
Q

What is the result of species becoming isolated from each other

A

their gene pools diverge

34
Q

What is prevented when interbreeding populations become separated?

A

the flow of alleles

35
Q

What are the steps of speciation?

A
  1. there is a large population with common gene pool
  2. isolation- two populations separated by a barrier
  3. mutation- mutations arise
  4. natural selection occurs- selective advantages
  5. there are selection pressures to both sub-species
  6. after a long period of time if the barrier is removed there is no interbreeding- two different species
36
Q

What are three types of barrieres which can bring about speciation?

A

geographical
ecological
behavioural

37
Q

What are some examples of geographical barriers?

A

mountains
deserts
oceans
rivers

38
Q

What are geographical barriers?

A

include mountains, deserts, oceans and rivers that physically separate organisms and prevent populations from interbreeding. geographical isolation may also occur if a habitat is lost, such as the destruction of a forest to form an arid landscape or a river drying up

39
Q

What are ecological barriers?

A

factors such a temperature, pH, salinity, humidity and altitude also act to separate populations. For example, many species have evolved to inhabit regions of different pH or salinity

40
Q

What are behavioural barriers?

A

if individuals in a population become fertile at different times of the year, their sexual organs change, or their courtship behaviour is different or unattractive, then the individuals cannot mate

41
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

allopatric speciation occurs due to populations being physically separated; it is brought about by geographical barriers

42
Q

How do we know speciation has occurred?

A

if the barrieres are removed and the populations can freely intermingle but still cannot reproduce and produce fertile offspring

43
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

sympatric speciation is a form of speciation where two species arise within the same habitat

44
Q

What is sympatric speciation the result of?

A

behavioural or ecological behaviours

45
Q

Is sympatric speciation more common in plants or animals?

A

plants

46
Q

What is a polyploid?

A

organisms which contain more than two sets of chromosomes

47
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

the process of determining the order of nucleotides in a section of DNA

48
Q

What is bioinformatics?

A

the use of computers and statistical analysis

49
Q

What is the use of computer and statistical analysis known as?

A

bioinformatics

50
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

the field of biology that deals with identifying and understanding the relationship between the different kinds of life in earth

51
Q

What are used to determine the main sequence of events in the evolution of life?

A

sequence data
fossil evidence

52
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

bacteria
archaea
eucaryota

53
Q

How are molecular clocks used?

A

to show when species diverged during evolution

54
Q

What must molecular clocks be in order to account for varying rates of molecular evolution and what must be known for this to happen?

A

they must be calibrated and it is necessary to know the absolute age of some evolutionary divergence which can be usually be determined from the fossil record

55
Q

What is genomics?

A

genomics is the science of interpreting genes: the study of an organisms genome using information systems, databases and computerised research tools

56
Q

What is comparative genomics?

A

the process whereby the genomes of different species are compared

57
Q

What does parts of the genome being highly conserved mean?

A

some sections of DNA are identical (or almost identical) between different species

58
Q

What is personal genomics?

A

the sequencing and analysis of an individuals genome

59
Q

What is possible by studying an individuals genome?

A

it’s possible to determine errors or gather evidence to support the likelihood of ailments. some examples include the predisposition to cancer, mental illness or drug dependency

60
Q

what name is given to the personalised medical scare of using personal genomics to treat or alleviate symptoms?

A

pharmacogenetics

Higher Biology (11 decks)

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