Unit 1: Revolutions Flashcards
Causes of absolutism
- decline of feudalism as middle class grew and urbanization increased
- powers became more centralized and national kingdoms emerged
- colonies increased wealth of kingdoms and monarchs
- Renaissance and Refformation broke down church authority
- religious and territorial conflict created fear/uncertainty, leading to growth of national armies
- monarchs levied taxes, peasants revolted and monarchs imposed tigher authority over society
Age of Absolutism
absolute monarchs held all power within their countries and wanted to control all aspects of society
Effects of Absolutism
- rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas
- rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful
- rulers created more beauracratics to control their countries’ economies
Three Estates
FIRST ESTATE: the clergy of Church
SECOND ESTATE: nobility
THIRD ESTATE: middle class (bourgeoisie), peasants, made up 97% percent of the population
The Enlightenment changes
Political Change: move from feudalism to absolue monarchs
Social Change: more social mobility with capitalism and a development of the middle class
Intellectual and Social Change: shift from using religion based ideas to reason
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
- reason over religion
- natural laws, popular sovereignty through a social contract between people and the government
- individual freedom
- equality (more like eqau-LITTY amirite?)
Estates General
an assembly of representatives from all 3 estates to approve the new tax
National Assembly
Third Estates made laws and enacted reforms
Tennis Court Oath
pledge made by the National Assembly where they vowed to continue meeting until they made a new constitution
Storming of the Bastille
Le quatorze juillet
A mob searching for gunpowder stormed the Bastille prison in Paris
The Great Fear
Wave of senseless panic that spread through France after the storming of the Bastille
Mattie Antoinette
The queen of France. French people called her Madame Defecit because of her extravagant spending
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Statement of revolutionary ideas
Men are born with free and equal rights
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Reforms targeting the Catholic Church
Constitution of 1791
Created a limited constitutional monarchy
Created a new legislative body-the Legislative Assembly
Émigrés
Nobles who had fled France and wanted a return to the Old Regime
Sans-culottes
Parisian workers who wanted greater revolutionary changes
What did the National Convention do?
- abolished monarchy
- declared France a republic
- Jacobins took control
- Louis XVI was executed
Jacobins
Radical political group involved in making government changes
Maximilien Robespierre
Jacobin leader who gained power
Dictator, his rule was called the Reign of Terror
Peninsulares
Colonial officials from Spain or Portugal in Latin America
Huguenots
French Protestants who made up about 5% of the population
Louis XIV cracked down on them, trying to strip them from religious and civil liberties
Huguenots who continued practicing their religion were put to death and many left France
Divine right
God appointed the king, and they had the highest say
Philosophes
French social thinkers during the enlightenment
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopher
Thought that without government , people would live in a state of nature
Social contract
Wanted one ruler
Social contract
Agreement between the government and the people, both side give up something
Voltaire
Philosophe
Disagreed with French monarchy and Roman Catholic Church
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Wrote “The Social Contract”
All members should be a part of creating laws
Creoles
Resented the control Spanish and Portuguese had over them
Wanted to displace peninsulares and retain their privileged position
Revolts inspired by enlightenment ideas
Mestizos and mulattos
Mixed ancestry
Made up the majority of the population
Simón Bolívar
Led the movement for independence in South America
Wanted to bring Spanish colonies together like in America
José de San Martín
Argentine leader who lead revolution
Gran Colombia
Once Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador were independent, they formed a large republic
Father Hidalgo
Rebelled against Spanish rule in Mexico
Augustín de Iturbide
Creole general who declared independence from Spain
Declared himself emperor of Mexico
