Unit 1: Revolutions

Question 1

Causes of absolutism

Answer 1

• decline of feudalism as middle class grew and urbanization increased
• powers became more centralized and national kingdoms emerged
• colonies increased wealth of kingdoms and monarchs
• Renaissance and Refformation broke down church authority
• religious and territorial conflict created fear/uncertainty, leading to growth of national armies
• monarchs levied taxes, peasants revolted and monarchs imposed tigher authority over society

Question 2

Age of Absolutism

Answer 2

absolute monarchs held all power within their countries and wanted to control all aspects of society

Question 3

Effects of Absolutism

Answer 3

• rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas
• rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful
• rulers created more beauracratics to control their countries’ economies

Question 4

Three Estates

Answer 4

FIRST ESTATE: the clergy of Church
SECOND ESTATE: nobility
THIRD ESTATE: middle class (bourgeoisie), peasants, made up 97% percent of the population

Question 5

The Enlightenment changes

Answer 5

Political Change: move from feudalism to absolue monarchs
Social Change: more social mobility with capitalism and a development of the middle class
Intellectual and Social Change: shift from using religion based ideas to reason

Question 6

Characteristics of the Enlightenment

Answer 6

• reason over religion
• natural laws, popular sovereignty through a social contract between people and the government
• individual freedom
• equality (more like eqau-LITTY amirite?)

Question 7

Estates General

Answer 7

an assembly of representatives from all 3 estates to approve the new tax

Question 8

National Assembly

Answer 8

Third Estates made laws and enacted reforms

Question 9

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 9

pledge made by the National Assembly where they vowed to continue meeting until they made a new constitution

Question 10

Storming of the Bastille

Answer 10

Le quatorze juillet

A mob searching for gunpowder stormed the Bastille prison in Paris

Question 11

The Great Fear

Answer 11

Wave of senseless panic that spread through France after the storming of the Bastille

Question 12

Mattie Antoinette

Answer 12

The queen of France. French people called her Madame Defecit because of her extravagant spending

Question 13

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 13

Statement of revolutionary ideas

Men are born with free and equal rights

Question 14

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Answer 14

Reforms targeting the Catholic Church

Question 15

Constitution of 1791

Answer 15

Created a limited constitutional monarchy

Created a new legislative body-the Legislative Assembly

Question 16

Émigrés

Answer 16

Nobles who had fled France and wanted a return to the Old Regime

Question 17

Sans-culottes

Answer 17

Parisian workers who wanted greater revolutionary changes

Question 18

What did the National Convention do?

Answer 18

• abolished monarchy
• declared France a republic
• Jacobins took control
• Louis XVI was executed

Question 19

Jacobins

Answer 19

Radical political group involved in making government changes

Question 20

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 20

Jacobin leader who gained power

Dictator, his rule was called the Reign of Terror

Question 21

Peninsulares

Answer 21

Colonial officials from Spain or Portugal in Latin America

Question 22

Huguenots

Answer 22

French Protestants who made up about 5% of the population
Louis XIV cracked down on them, trying to strip them from religious and civil liberties
Huguenots who continued practicing their religion were put to death and many left France

Question 23

Divine right

Answer 23

God appointed the king, and they had the highest say

Question 24

Philosophes

Answer 24

French social thinkers during the enlightenment

Question 25

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 25

English philosopher
Thought that without government , people would live in a state of nature
Social contract
Wanted one ruler

Question 26

Social contract

Answer 26

Agreement between the government and the people, both side give up something

Question 27

Voltaire

Answer 27

Philosophe

Disagreed with French monarchy and Roman Catholic Church

Question 28

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Answer 28

Wrote “The Social Contract”

All members should be a part of creating laws

Question 29

Creoles

Answer 29

Resented the control Spanish and Portuguese had over them
Wanted to displace peninsulares and retain their privileged position
Revolts inspired by enlightenment ideas

Question 30

Mestizos and mulattos

Answer 30

Mixed ancestry

Made up the majority of the population

Question 31

Simón Bolívar

Answer 31

Led the movement for independence in South America

Wanted to bring Spanish colonies together like in America

Question 32

José de San Martín

Answer 32

Argentine leader who lead revolution

Question 33

Gran Colombia

Answer 33

Once Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador were independent, they formed a large republic

Question 34

Father Hidalgo

Answer 34

Rebelled against Spanish rule in Mexico

Question 35

Augustín de Iturbide

Answer 35

Creole general who declared independence from Spain

Declared himself emperor of Mexico