Unit 1 Review Flashcards
anthropomorphism
The attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman objects.
behavior
Any activity that is or can be made voluntary through conditioning.
biological evolution
The process of change and diversification of living things over time.
brisket
The sternum, or breastbone; in some breeds, the entire thorax.
canine hip dysplasia
An abnormality of the ball and socket joint of the hip.
carpus (carpal joint)
The bones of the wrist.
chest
The part of the body or trunk that’s enclosed by the ribs.
Companion Dog (CD)
The Novice title, awarded through the AKC, earned by achieving three qualifying scores in three different trials by three different judges.
Companion Dog Excellent (CDX)
The Open title, awarded through the AKC, earned after completing the CD.
croup
The region of the pelvic girdle, formed by the sacrum and surrounding tissue.
cynologist
A person who studies dogs.
dominance
Referring to the relative position of an individual in a social hierarchy.
domestication
The ability of animals to live in an environment controlled by humans.
ecology
The interrelationship of organisms and their environment.
elbow
The joint in the front leg where the upper arm meets the forearm.
ethology
The study of whole patterns of animal behavior in natural environments, stressing the analysis of adaptation and the evolution of the patterns.
flews
The pendulous lateral part of the upper lip, particularly at the inner corners.
forearm
The portion of the forelimb between the upper arm and the carpus, including the radius and the ulna.
genetic drift
Refers to evolutionary variation due to accidents of chance.
hip
The joint where the femur (thigh bone) fits into the pelvic girdle.
hock
The collection of bones of the hind leg forming the joint between the second thigh and the metatarsus; equivalent to a human’s ankle.
lips
The fleshy portions of the upper and lower jaws covering the teeth.
loin
The area of the body behind the ribs and before the hip.
morphology
The form and structure of an organism or any of its parts.
mutation
A basic, significant, and relatively permanent change in the genetic makeup of an organism.
muzzle
The head in front of the eyes, including nasal bones, nostrils, and jaws.
National Association of Dog Obedience Instructors (NADOI)
An endorsing body for qualified obedience instructors, as well as an educational resource.
natural selection
A natural process that results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to the surrounding environment.
Obedience Trial Champion (OTCh)
The highest title in obedience competition.
occiput
The dorsal, posterior point of the skull.
pastern
The metacarpal bones of the front leg between the carpus and the foot and the metatarsal bones and the hind leg between the hock and the foot.
positive reinforcement
strengthening a behavior by presenting a desirable consequence.
Schutzhund
A comprehensive test initially developed to evaluate the German Shepherd Dog for breeding and working purposes. Now a popular sport, Schutzhund trials test a working dog’s abilities in tracking, obedience, and protection work.
shoulder
The joint in the forequarters formed where the shoulder blade and arm meet.
stifle
The joint of the hind leg between the thigh and the second thigh; the equivalent of the human knee.
symbiosis
The ability of organisms to live together in a mutually beneficial environment.
tail set
How the tail base sets on the rump.
taxonomy
The classification of organisms into different categories on the basis of their individual physical, genetic, and biochemical relationships to one another.
thigh
The hindquarters from hip to stifle.
topline
A dog’s outline from just behind the withers to the tail set.
tuck up
A noticeably shallow loin depth; equivalent to being small-waisted in a human.
Utility Dog (UD)
Awarded through the AKC, earned after completing the CD and CDX titles.
Utility Dog Excellent (UDX)
Awarded through the AKC, earned after completing the UD title.
withers
The area along the spine between the uppermost portion of the shoulder blades.
