Unit 1: reproductive system Flashcards
The testes are the sight of :
The male gamete (sperm) production
The manufacturer of the male sex hormone - testosterone
What is sperm
The male gamete (sex cell)
What is testosterone
The male sex hormone
Where in the body can seminiferous tubules be found ?
In the testes , they form cooled tubes that connect to the sperm duct
What cells produce testosterone?
Interstitial cells
What do interstitial cells produce
Testosterone
What does motile mean
Can move
What are the 2 main accessory glands
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles
What does the prostate gland do
Secretes a lubricant fluid containing enzymes , keeping the ____ optium viscosity
What do the seminal vesicles do
Secrete a thick liquid rich in sugar to give the sperm energy and prostaglandins
What are ova
The female gamete (sex cell)
What is the function of the ovaries
Produces ova
What is the purpose of follicles in the ovary
To protect the developing ovum and settees hormones
What produces oestrogen ?
The follicle
What does oestrogen do in the menstruated cycle
Simulates proliferation of the endrometruim and effects the consistency of cervical mucus
What does the corpus luteum make
Progesterone
How does the follicle become the corpus luteum
High levels of Lh stimulates the follicle
What does progesterone do
Stimulates further vascularisation of the endometrial and remains at a high level if fertilisation occurs until the placenta takes over
What makes progesterone
The corpus luteum
At puberty what does the pituitary gland release
FSH LH for woman FSH ICSH for men
What is the hypothalamus target
The pituitary gland
What does icsh stand for
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
What does FHS stand for
Follicle stimulating hormone
What does FSH do in men
Stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubles
What does LH stand for
Lutenising hormone
What does LH do
Stimulates ovulation and brings the development of corpus luteum
What is proliferation
Cell devision
What are the 2 phases of the menstual cycle
Follicular phase and literal phase
In the follicular phase what proliferatates
The endometrium preparing it for implantation
Why does proliferation only happen in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
As the endometrium thickens very quick here
Can you mention proliferation in the literal phase
NO ! or development- you must say that it is further developing or further vascularisation
What are the 2 different types of fertility
Continuously and cycly
How do you know if the female is fertile
Body temperature rises 0.5° and cervical mucus thins
What are the treatments for infertility
Stimulating ovulation
Artificial insemination
Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injectio(ICSI)
In Vito fertilisation (IVF)
What happens in stimulation ovulation ? To treat infertility
Drugs given to prevent negative feedback of oestrogen on FSH
OR
Drugs which mimic FEH and LH which can cause super ovulation
Describe artificial insemination
Semen samples are collected over a period of time and are inserted into the female reproductive tract.
Useful for men with low sperm count or a doner sperm can be used
Describe ICSI
Sperm is drawn into a needle and injected straight into the egg
Describe IVF
Egg is removed by surgery after hormone stimulated (super ovulation) then mixed with sperm. The zygotes are then incubated until 8 cells and then implanted into it he uterus.
What can be done during IVF
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis PGD is used to identify single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities
What does PGD test for
Single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities
What are the 2 types of contraception
Physical and chemical
What are the physical contraception methods
Barrier methods
IUD
sterilisation
What are the chemical contraception methods
Pills
Implants
What does the morning after pill do
Combination of synthetic hormones that mimic negative feedback preventing FSH/LH production , prevent ovulation or implantation
What does the mini pill/progesterone only pill do
Causes thickening of cervical mucus
What are the 2 types of scans
Dating scan & anomaly scan
When does a dating scan take place
8-14 weeks
When does an anomaly scan take place
18-20 weeks
What can anomaly scans detect
Physical abnormalities in the foetus
What does a screening test indicate
A possibility of a condition
What is a diagnostic test used for
To test for a spesfic condition
How does amniocentesis work
By taking a sample of the amiotic fluid by using a fine needle inserted through the stomach and uterus wall.
What do blood and urine tests test for
Check for different chemical markers. An atypical chemical concentration can lead to diagnostic test. If carried out at the wrong time can lead to results being a faulse negitive or positive.
How does CVS work
By taking a sample of placenta cells, this is done through the vagina using a very fine needle tube.
What has a higher risk of miscarriage? Aminocentesis pe CVS
CVS (chorionic villus sampling)
Definition of karyotype
Individuals chromosomes as homologous pairs
What are the patterns of inheritance in autosomal recessive
- trait relative rare
- trait may skip generations
What are the patterns of inheritance in autosomal dominant
- trait in every generation
- each sufferer has an effected parent
- all non sufferers must be homozygous recessive hh
- if failed to appear in a generation it dies out
What are the patterns of inheritance in autosomal incomplete dominant
- full dominant is rare
- heterozygous is more common
- full sufferer has both parents with partial
What are the patterns of inheritance in sex linked
- XX, XY
- many more males effected than females
- Passes from mother to son
- fathers can not pass down to son
What is the difference of antenatal & postnatal
Antenatal is during pregnancy- postnatal is after birth
What test is done during postnatal
Metabolic disorder - Phenylketonuria (PKU) is tested for by a heel prick
What is PKU
A mutation which causes the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine to be non functional
How do u help sufferes of PKU
Give them a restricted diet
