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Higher Human Biology: Unit 1 > Unit 1: reproductive system > Flashcards

Unit 1: reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

The testes are the sight of :

A

The male gamete (sperm) production

The manufacturer of the male sex hormone - testosterone

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2
Q

What is sperm

A

The male gamete (sex cell)

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3
Q

What is testosterone

A

The male sex hormone

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4
Q

Where in the body can seminiferous tubules be found ?

A

In the testes , they form cooled tubes that connect to the sperm duct

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5
Q

What cells produce testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells

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6
Q

What do interstitial cells produce

A

Testosterone

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7
Q

What does motile mean

A

Can move

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8
Q

What are the 2 main accessory glands

A

Prostate gland

Seminal vesicles

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9
Q

What does the prostate gland do

A

Secretes a lubricant fluid containing enzymes , keeping the ____ optium viscosity

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10
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do

A

Secrete a thick liquid rich in sugar to give the sperm energy and prostaglandins

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11
Q

What are ova

A

The female gamete (sex cell)

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12
Q

What is the function of the ovaries

A

Produces ova

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13
Q

What is the purpose of follicles in the ovary

A

To protect the developing ovum and settees hormones

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14
Q

What produces oestrogen ?

A

The follicle

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15
Q

What does oestrogen do in the menstruated cycle

A

Simulates proliferation of the endrometruim and effects the consistency of cervical mucus

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16
Q

What does the corpus luteum make

A

Progesterone

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17
Q

How does the follicle become the corpus luteum

A

High levels of Lh stimulates the follicle

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18
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Stimulates further vascularisation of the endometrial and remains at a high level if fertilisation occurs until the placenta takes over

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19
Q

What makes progesterone

A

The corpus luteum

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20
Q

At puberty what does the pituitary gland release

A

FSH LH for woman FSH ICSH for men

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21
Q

What is the hypothalamus target

A

The pituitary gland

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22
Q

What does icsh stand for

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

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23
Q

What does FHS stand for

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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24
Q

What does FSH do in men

A

Stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubles

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25
Q

What does LH stand for

A

Lutenising hormone

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26
Q

What does LH do

A

Stimulates ovulation and brings the development of corpus luteum

27
Q

What is proliferation

A

Cell devision

28
Q

What are the 2 phases of the menstual cycle

A

Follicular phase and literal phase

29
Q

In the follicular phase what proliferatates

A

The endometrium preparing it for implantation

30
Q

Why does proliferation only happen in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

A

As the endometrium thickens very quick here

31
Q

Can you mention proliferation in the literal phase

A

NO ! or development- you must say that it is further developing or further vascularisation

32
Q

What are the 2 different types of fertility

A

Continuously and cycly

33
Q

How do you know if the female is fertile

A

Body temperature rises 0.5° and cervical mucus thins

34
Q

What are the treatments for infertility

A

Stimulating ovulation
Artificial insemination
Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injectio(ICSI)
In Vito fertilisation (IVF)

35
Q

What happens in stimulation ovulation ? To treat infertility

A

Drugs given to prevent negative feedback of oestrogen on FSH
OR
Drugs which mimic FEH and LH which can cause super ovulation

36
Q

Describe artificial insemination

A

Semen samples are collected over a period of time and are inserted into the female reproductive tract.

Useful for men with low sperm count or a doner sperm can be used

37
Q

Describe ICSI

A

Sperm is drawn into a needle and injected straight into the egg

38
Q

Describe IVF

A

Egg is removed by surgery after hormone stimulated (super ovulation) then mixed with sperm. The zygotes are then incubated until 8 cells and then implanted into it he uterus.

39
Q

What can be done during IVF

A

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis PGD is used to identify single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

40
Q

What does PGD test for

A

Single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

41
Q

What are the 2 types of contraception

A

Physical and chemical

42
Q

What are the physical contraception methods

A

Barrier methods
IUD
sterilisation

43
Q

What are the chemical contraception methods

A

Pills

Implants

44
Q

What does the morning after pill do

A

Combination of synthetic hormones that mimic negative feedback preventing FSH/LH production , prevent ovulation or implantation

45
Q

What does the mini pill/progesterone only pill do

A

Causes thickening of cervical mucus

46
Q

What are the 2 types of scans

A

Dating scan & anomaly scan

47
Q

When does a dating scan take place

A

8-14 weeks

48
Q

When does an anomaly scan take place

A

18-20 weeks

49
Q

What can anomaly scans detect

A

Physical abnormalities in the foetus

50
Q

What does a screening test indicate

A

A possibility of a condition

51
Q

What is a diagnostic test used for

A

To test for a spesfic condition

52
Q

How does amniocentesis work

A

By taking a sample of the amiotic fluid by using a fine needle inserted through the stomach and uterus wall.

53
Q

What do blood and urine tests test for

A

Check for different chemical markers. An atypical chemical concentration can lead to diagnostic test. If carried out at the wrong time can lead to results being a faulse negitive or positive.

54
Q

How does CVS work

A

By taking a sample of placenta cells, this is done through the vagina using a very fine needle tube.

55
Q

What has a higher risk of miscarriage? Aminocentesis pe CVS

A

CVS (chorionic villus sampling)

56
Q

Definition of karyotype

A

Individuals chromosomes as homologous pairs

57
Q

What are the patterns of inheritance in autosomal recessive

A
  • trait relative rare

- trait may skip generations

58
Q

What are the patterns of inheritance in autosomal dominant

A
  • trait in every generation
  • each sufferer has an effected parent
  • all non sufferers must be homozygous recessive hh
  • if failed to appear in a generation it dies out
59
Q

What are the patterns of inheritance in autosomal incomplete dominant

A
  • full dominant is rare
  • heterozygous is more common
  • full sufferer has both parents with partial
60
Q

What are the patterns of inheritance in sex linked

A
  • XX, XY
  • many more males effected than females
  • Passes from mother to son
  • fathers can not pass down to son
61
Q

What is the difference of antenatal & postnatal

A

Antenatal is during pregnancy- postnatal is after birth

62
Q

What test is done during postnatal

A

Metabolic disorder - Phenylketonuria (PKU) is tested for by a heel prick

63
Q

What is PKU

A

A mutation which causes the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine to be non functional

64
Q

How do u help sufferes of PKU

A

Give them a restricted diet

Higher Human Biology: Unit 1 (8 decks)

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