Unit 1: Pulmonary Anatomy Flashcards by Kayla Keckeisen

In the LEFT lung, what fissure separates the upper and lower lobe?

Oblique Fissure

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Anoxia

Lack of absence of oxygen.

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Is normal inspiration an active or passive process?

Active process

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Intercostals nerves supply costal and peripheral diaphragmatic [parietal] pleura. Where is the pain referred?

Pain is referred to the thoracic and abdominal walls

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What are the four functions of the lungs?

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. Help maintain acid-base balance 3. Contribute to temperature homeostasis (not a major in humans) 4. Filter and metabolize toxic substances

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In the RIGHT lung, what fissure separates the upper and middle lobe?

Horizontal Fissure

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Actions and Nerve of Scalenes?

Action: Elevates Ribs Nerve: Cervical (C3-5)

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Actions and Nerve of Pectoralis Major?

Action: When arms are fixed, draws ribs towards arms, increasing thoracic diameter. Nerve: Lateral and medial pectoral (C5-8)

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Hypercapnia (Hypercarbia)

Excess PaCO2 in blood. May be result of hypoventilation or diffuse bronchopulmonary disease (CO2 retention).

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Actions and Nerve of Trapezius?

Action: Stabilize scapula allowing serratus ant and pec minor to elevate ribs Nerve: Spinal portion of cranial nerve XI and ventral ramus C2-4

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What ribs make up the pump handle?

1-7 True Ribs

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What ribs make up the bucket handle?

8-12 False Ribs

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How may pairs of external intercostals do we have?

11 pairs

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Actions and Nerve ofErector Spinae?

Action: With deep inspiration extend vertebral column to elevate ribs Nerve: Dorsal ramus, T1-S3

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Is normal expiration a passive or active process? How does this process work?

Passive process due to relaxation of intercostals and diaphragm (pump handle)

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What are the Lobes and Segments of the left lung?

Upper Lobe (LUL)

Anterior segment
Apical segment
Posterior segment

Lingula (has 2 segments but we don’t differentiate

Anterior segment
Superior segment
Lateral segment
Posterior segment

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What is the MOST important accessory muscle?

Sternocleidomastoid

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How does the diaphragm work?

Large, domeshaped muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities. As the diaphragm contracts it decreases intrathoracic pressure, pulling air into the lungs.

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Hypoventilation

Decreased ventilation in regards to metabolic needs resulting in increased PaCO2 (hypercapnia) and decreased PaO2. (hypoxemia) May be result of decreased respiratory rate and/or tidal volume and may lead to respiratory acidosis.

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What muscles contribute to active inspiration?

Diaphragm - Intercostals - Accessory muscles.

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What 3 parts make up the Pharynx and where are they located?

Nasopharynx: above soft plate - Oropharynx: base of tongue - Laryngopharynx: opening of esophagus

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What occurs in the Alveolus?

Major portion of gas exchange occurs here. Surfactant is produced to keep alveoli open.

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What does the Angle of Louis help you identify?

Carini: level at which the trachea diveds into the right and left bronchi
Level of the second costal cartilage (second rib)
Level between L4 and L5 posteriorly

Pectus Carinatum

Prominent forward projection of the sternum (pigeon breast)

Hypopnea

Decrease in rate and depth of breathing compared to breathing at rest.

Actions and Nerve of Serrauts Anterior?

Action: Elevate ribs Nerve: Long thoracic (C5-7(8))

Barrel Chest

Side to Side diameter almost equal to back diameter

Apnea

No breathing.

What are the Lobes and Segments of the RIGHT lung?

Upper Lobe (RUL) * Anterior segment * Apical segment * Posterior segment Middle Lobe (RML) * Lateral segment * Medial segment Lower Lobe[base] (RLL) * Anterior segment * Superior segment * Lateral segment * Posterior segment * Medial basal segment

What 7 muscles make up the accessory muscles?

- Sternocleidomastoids - Scalenes - Serratus Anterior - Pectoralis Major - Pectoralis Minor - Trapezius - Erector Spinae

Hyperoxia

High O2 concentration, pressure, or saturation in lung, blood, or tissues.

Which bronchi side is more common for aspiration and why?

The right. It is wider, shorter and straighter than the left (less of an angle compared to left).

How do you document the effected segment of the lung?

Format: segment, side, lung Example: anterior segment, right upper lobe (RUL)

Actions and Nerve of Pectoralis Minor?

Action: Elevates ribs during deep inspiration Nerve: Medial pectoral (C6-8)

Pectus Excavatum

Depression of the sternum with resuting decreased anteroposterior diameter

What do the respiratory bronchiols and alveolar ducts denote?

The beginning of gas exchange.

What is the anatomical pathway of oxygen from the atmosphere to the alveoli?

Nose -\> Phsrynx -\> Larynx -\> Trachea -\> L&R Bronchii -\> Bronchioles -\> Terminal Bronchioles -\> Respiratory Bronchioles & Alveolar Ducts -\> Alveolus

What is the motion of the lower ribs?

outward and inward

Phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal and central diaphragmatic [parietal] pleura. Where is the pain referred?

Pain is referred to the lower neck and shoulder

What is the motion of the upper ribs?

anterior and posterior

Hyperventilation

Increased ventilation in excess of metabolic needs resulting in decreased PaCO2 (hypocapnia) and increased PaO2 (hyperoxemia). May be result of increased respiratory rate and/or tidal volume. Produces signs/sx of dizziness, numbness, tingling, and may lead to respiratory alkalosis.

The lungs are covered by what 2 layers of pleura?

Visceral and Parietal. They are in close contact with each other separated by a thin, serous fluid.

Hypoxemia

Lower than normal O2 concentration or pressure or saturation in the blood.

Hypocapnia (Hypocabia)

Low PaCO2 in blood. May be result of hyperventilation.

In the RIGHT lung, what fissure separates the middle and lower lobe?

Oblique Fissure

What muscles are involved in forced expiration? How does this process work?

Abdominal muscles force diaphragm back upward.

Innervation for external and internal intercostals?

Ventral Ramus (T1-T2)

Eupnea

Normal breathing at rest.

How many pairs or Internal intercostals do we have?

11 pairs

Actions and Nerve of Sternocleidomastoid?

Action: Elevates sternum during forced inspiration Nerve: Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory Nerve XI)

Which of the lung pleura has sensory integration?

Parietal pleural

What is the Angle of Louis?

Juncture between lower border of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

Hyperpnea

Increase in rate and depth of breathing in proportion to metabolic rate.

Hyperoxemia

Higher than normal PO2 in Blood.

What do he terminal bronchioles denote?

The end of conducting airways

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing. It is a symptom reflective of decreased ventilatory capacity and increased work of breathing.

How do the accessory muscle work to assist in respiration?

Accessory muscles work in reverse action by stabilizing their insertion and contracting from O to I.