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Cardio Pulm Units > Unit 1: Pulmonary Anatomy > Flashcards

Unit 1: Pulmonary Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

In the LEFT lung, what fissure separates the upper and lower lobe?

A

Oblique Fissure

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2
Q

Anoxia

A

Lack of absence of oxygen.

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3
Q

Is normal inspiration an active or passive process?

A

Active process

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4
Q

Intercostals nerves supply costal and peripheral diaphragmatic [parietal] pleura. Where is the pain referred?

A

Pain is referred to the thoracic and abdominal walls

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5
Q

What are the four functions of the lungs?

A
  1. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. Help maintain acid-base balance 3. Contribute to temperature homeostasis (not a major in humans) 4. Filter and metabolize toxic substances
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5
Q

In the RIGHT lung, what fissure separates the upper and middle lobe?

A

Horizontal Fissure

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6
Q

Actions and Nerve of Scalenes?

A

Action: Elevates Ribs Nerve: Cervical (C3-5)

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6
Q

Actions and Nerve of Pectoralis Major?

A

Action: When arms are fixed, draws ribs towards arms, increasing thoracic diameter. Nerve: Lateral and medial pectoral (C5-8)

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7
Q

Hypercapnia (Hypercarbia)

A

Excess PaCO2 in blood. May be result of hypoventilation or diffuse bronchopulmonary disease (CO2 retention).

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8
Q

Actions and Nerve of Trapezius?

A

Action: Stabilize scapula allowing serratus ant and pec minor to elevate ribs Nerve: Spinal portion of cranial nerve XI and ventral ramus C2-4

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9
Q

What ribs make up the pump handle?

A

1-7 True Ribs

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9
Q

What ribs make up the bucket handle?

A

8-12 False Ribs

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9
Q

How may pairs of external intercostals do we have?

A

11 pairs

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10
Q

Actions and Nerve ofErector Spinae?

A

Action: With deep inspiration extend vertebral column to elevate ribs Nerve: Dorsal ramus, T1-S3

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11
Q

Is normal expiration a passive or active process? How does this process work?

A

Passive process due to relaxation of intercostals and diaphragm (pump handle)

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11
Q

What are the Lobes and Segments of the left lung?

A

Upper Lobe (LUL)

  • Anterior segment
  • Apical segment
  • Posterior segment

Lingula (has 2 segments but we don’t differentiate

  • Anterior segment
  • Superior segment
  • Lateral segment
  • Posterior segment
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12
Q

What is the MOST important accessory muscle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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13
Q

How does the diaphragm work?

A

Large, domeshaped muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities. As the diaphragm contracts it decreases intrathoracic pressure, pulling air into the lungs.

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14
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Decreased ventilation in regards to metabolic needs resulting in increased PaCO2 (hypercapnia) and decreased PaO2. (hypoxemia) May be result of decreased respiratory rate and/or tidal volume and may lead to respiratory acidosis.

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14
Q

What muscles contribute to active inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm - Intercostals - Accessory muscles.
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15
Q

What 3 parts make up the Pharynx and where are they located?

A
  • Nasopharynx: above soft plate - Oropharynx: base of tongue - Laryngopharynx: opening of esophagus
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15
Q

What occurs in the Alveolus?

A

Major portion of gas exchange occurs here. Surfactant is produced to keep alveoli open.

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17
Q

What does the Angle of Louis help you identify?

A
  1. Carini: level at which the trachea diveds into the right and left bronchi
  2. Level of the second costal cartilage (second rib)
  3. Level between L4 and L5 posteriorly
17
Q

Pectus Carinatum

A

Prominent forward projection of the sternum (pigeon breast)

18
Q

Hypopnea

A

Decrease in rate and depth of breathing compared to breathing at rest.

19
Q

Actions and Nerve of Serrauts Anterior?

A

Action: Elevate ribs Nerve: Long thoracic (C5-7(8))

21
Q

Barrel Chest

A

Side to Side diameter almost equal to back diameter

22
Q

Apnea

A

No breathing.

23
Q

What are the Lobes and Segments of the RIGHT lung?

A

Upper Lobe (RUL)

  • Anterior segment
  • Apical segment
  • Posterior segment

Middle Lobe (RML)

  • Lateral segment
  • Medial segment

Lower Lobe[base] (RLL)

  • Anterior segment
  • Superior segment
  • Lateral segment
  • Posterior segment
  • Medial basal segment
24
Q

What 7 muscles make up the accessory muscles?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoids - Scalenes - Serratus Anterior - Pectoralis Major - Pectoralis Minor - Trapezius - Erector Spinae
25
Q

Hyperoxia

A

High O2 concentration, pressure, or saturation in lung, blood, or tissues.

26
Q

Which bronchi side is more common for aspiration and why?

A

The right. It is wider, shorter and straighter than the left (less of an angle compared to left).

27
Q

How do you document the effected segment of the lung?

A

Format: segment, side, lung

Example: anterior segment, right upper lobe (RUL)

28
Q

Actions and Nerve of Pectoralis Minor?

A

Action: Elevates ribs during deep inspiration Nerve: Medial pectoral (C6-8)

30
Q

Pectus Excavatum

A

Depression of the sternum with resuting decreased anteroposterior diameter

31
Q

What do the respiratory bronchiols and alveolar ducts denote?

A

The beginning of gas exchange.

32
Q

What is the anatomical pathway of oxygen from the atmosphere to the alveoli?

A

Nose -> Phsrynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> L&R Bronchii -> Bronchioles -> Terminal Bronchioles -> Respiratory Bronchioles & Alveolar Ducts -> Alveolus

34
Q

What is the motion of the lower ribs?

A

outward and inward

35
Q

Phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal and central diaphragmatic [parietal] pleura. Where is the pain referred?

A

Pain is referred to the lower neck and shoulder

36
Q

What is the motion of the upper ribs?

A

anterior and posterior

38
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased ventilation in excess of metabolic needs resulting in decreased PaCO2 (hypocapnia) and increased PaO2 (hyperoxemia). May be result of increased respiratory rate and/or tidal volume. Produces signs/sx of dizziness, numbness, tingling, and may lead to respiratory alkalosis.

39
Q

The lungs are covered by what 2 layers of pleura?

A

Visceral and Parietal. They are in close contact with each other separated by a thin, serous fluid.

40
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Lower than normal O2 concentration or pressure or saturation in the blood.

42
Q

Hypocapnia (Hypocabia)

A

Low PaCO2 in blood. May be result of hyperventilation.

43
Q

In the RIGHT lung, what fissure separates the middle and lower lobe?

A

Oblique Fissure

45
Q

What muscles are involved in forced expiration? How does this process work?

A

Abdominal muscles force diaphragm back upward.

46
Q

Innervation for external and internal intercostals?

A

Ventral Ramus (T1-T2)

47
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing at rest.

48
Q

How many pairs or Internal intercostals do we have?

A

11 pairs

49
Q

Actions and Nerve of Sternocleidomastoid?

A

Action: Elevates sternum during forced inspiration Nerve: Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory Nerve XI)

50
Q

Which of the lung pleura has sensory integration?

A

Parietal pleural

52
Q

What is the Angle of Louis?

A

Juncture between lower border of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

53
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Increase in rate and depth of breathing in proportion to metabolic rate.

54
Q

Hyperoxemia

A

Higher than normal PO2 in Blood.

55
Q

What do he terminal bronchioles denote?

A

The end of conducting airways

56
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing. It is a symptom reflective of decreased ventilatory capacity and increased work of breathing.

57
Q

How do the accessory muscle work to assist in respiration?

A

Accessory muscles work in reverse action by stabilizing their insertion and contracting from O to I.

Cardio Pulm Units (13 decks)

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