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Cardio Pulm Units > Unit 1: Pediatric Pulmonary Considerations > Flashcards

Unit 1: Pediatric Pulmonary Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

What time spand do the pulmonary alveoli form in children?

A

From weeks 25-26 until 8-10 years of age.

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2
Q

At home many weeks gestation does surfactant become mature?

A

35 weeks gestation

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3
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

Larynx?

A

Higher in pediatrics → allows simultaneous breathing and swallowing up to 3-4 months of age.

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4
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

Alveolar surface area?

A

Pediatrics have less → adult levels not reached until 8-12 y/o

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5
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

airway diameter and structural support?

A

Reduced in infants → greater resistance to airflow → inc work of breathing/greater chance of obstruction.

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6
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

Rib cage configuration?

A

Circular in infants (horizontal plane)

  • poor mechanical advantage → no bucket handle

Elliptical in adults due to gravity

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7
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

Diaphragms angle of insertion?

A

Horizontal in pediatrics due to circular rib shape

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8
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

Lung compliance?

A

Dec compliance in pediatrics

  • Development of elastic tissue in alveoli → complete after adolescence
  • Worse in premies → surfactant not present
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9
Q

In neonates up to three months, have irregular respiratory with bouts of apnea lasting how long?

A

5-10 seconds.

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10
Q

How long is true apnea in neonates?

A

Lasts longer than 20 seconds.

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11
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

Compensation for respiratory difficulties?

A

Infants inc rate rather than depth of ventilation like adults.

  • Infants have little pulmonary reserve.
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12
Q

In infants, what causes increase work of breathing during REM sleep?

A

Decreased postural muscle tone due to 30% reduction in functional residual capacity (FRC)

  • Harder to create a contraction when there is an obstruction
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13
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

The % Type I of the diaphragm?

A

Infants 25%

  • Premature - little as 10%

Adults 50%

  • Reach adult levels at 8 months of age
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14
Q

The differences between pediatrics and adults when comparing:

Smooth muscle in bronchiole walls?

A

Smooth muscle in bronchioles does not develop until 3-4 y/o

  • Inc risk of airway collapse
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15
Q

What are the Pores of Kohn and when do they develop in children?

A
  • Interconnections between Alveoli
  • Reach adult levels at 1-2 y/o

**Allow for opitmal airflow in case of obstruction**

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16
Q

What are the Lambert’s Canals and when do they develop in children?

A
  • Connection between terminal or respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
  • Develop at 6-8 y/o

**Allow for opitmal airflow in case of obstruction**

17
Q

When do transplacentally derived antibodies leave infants? What is the result of there absence?

A
  • Gone by 3-4 months of age.
  • Infant cannot make own antibodies → defenseless
18
Q

What are 5 neonatal respiratory control problems?

A
  1. Irregular respiration
  2. Altered respiratory threshold due to inability to temporally and spatially sum signals
  3. Inability to rapidly increase rate and depth of respirations
  4. Risk of central apnea
  5. Difficult to compensate for low O2 and high CO2 due to immature chemoreceptors
19
Q

For a newborn what is:

  1. The average HR?
  2. HR range?
  3. BP?
  4. Respiratory Rate?
A
  1. Average HR: 120
  2. HR Range: 70-190
  3. BP: 40-70?
  4. Respiratory Rate: 30-60
20
Q

For a 14 y/o what is:

  1. The average HR?
  2. HR range?
  3. BP?
  4. Respiratory Rate?
A
  1. Average HR: 85
  2. HR range: 60-100
  3. BP: SBP: 120-140/DBP:70-85
  4. Respiratory Rate: 18-22
21
Q

For an adult what is:

  1. The average HR?
  2. HR range?
  3. BP?
  4. Respiratory Rate?
A
  1. Average HR: 74-76
  2. HR Range: 60-100
  3. BP: SBP: 110-140/DBP: 60-80
  4. Respiratory Rate: 10-20
22
Q

What are the arterial blood gases (ABG’s) in an adult?

A

<!--StartFragment-->

PaO2 = 100 mmHg partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

PaCO2 = 40 mmHg partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

PvO2 = 40 mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood

PvCO2 = 46 mm Hg partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood

<!--EndFragment-->

23
Q

What are the arterial blood gases (ABG’s) in infants?

A

<!--StartFragment-->

PaO2 = 50-80 mm Hg

PaCO2 = 32-45 mm Hg

<!--EndFragment-->

24
Q

What are the signs or respiratory distress in an infant/toddler?

A

<!--StartFragment-->

Nasal flaring
Head bobbing
Cyanosis
Pallor
Audible expiratory grunting
Stridor on inspiration
Tachypnea
Tachycardia/bradycardia
Fatigue
Excessive sweating
Hypertension/hypotension
Hypoxemia
Hypercapnia
Acidosis
Seizures/coma
Restlessness/irritability
Headache<!--EndFragment-->

Cardio Pulm Units (13 decks)

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