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Cardio Pulm Units > Unit 1: Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of the heart?

A

Size of a clenched fist

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2
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A
  • Bottom of left ventricle
    • When supine: 5th intercostal space
    • When upright: 6th intercostal space
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3
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

Left and Right Atria

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4
Q

Where is the heart situated in the chest?

A

2/3 on the left, rotated so when you open you see more of right ventricle

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5
Q

What are the 4 coverings of the heart from the outside to the inside?

A

Pericardium → epicardium → myocardium → endocardium

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6
Q

In prenatal circulation, what is the ductus venosus?

A

Oxygenated blood flows from placenta, skips the liver and goes directly to the IVC through the dectus venosus

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7
Q

In prenatal circulation, what is the foramen ovale?

A

This valve is open between in utero and allows blood to flow from the right atirum to the left atrium

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8
Q

Which side of the heart has higher pressure during prenatal circulation?

A

Right side has higher pressure.

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9
Q

In prenatal circulation, what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Blood leaving the right ventricle is pumped up into the pulmonary trunk. Only a small amount of blood goes to the lung. The rest goes through the ductus arteriosus, bypassing the lungs, and into the aorta to the rest of the body.

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10
Q

Why do prenatal lungs recieve blood if they are not using their lungs to breathe?

A

For nutritional purposes, NOT gas exchange.

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11
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in prenatal circulation?

A

The placenta

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12
Q

In postnatal circulation, what causes the foramen ovale to close?

A

After birth, dec pressure in right atrium and increased pressure in left atrium changes pressure gradient and forces it closed

  • anatomical closur occurs at 2-3 months (up to 1 y/o)
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13
Q

In postnatal circulation, what is it call when the foramen ovale remains open? What happens?

A

Patent Foramen Ovale: Heart acts like it did in utero - fluid remains in lungs and blood mixes from the righ atrium to the left atrium.

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14
Q

What is meconium aspiration and what can it lead to?

A
  • Aspiration of baby black poop during birth process
  • Leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance resulting in a right-to-left shunt → keeps foramen ovale open.
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15
Q

In postnatal circulation, the ductus arteriosus closes after 2-3 weeks (up to 3 months). How does it close?

A

Duct actively constricts in response to the presence of oxygen

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16
Q

In postnatal circulation, what is it called if the ductus arteriosus does not close? What happens as a result?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Hypoxia will cause duct to remain open and could cause left-to-right shunt

  • Blood stays in loop and does not circulate to lungs
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17
Q

What is the total blood volume in an adult?

A

5-5.5 liters

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18
Q

Blood enters the right atrium of the heart through what 3 vessels?

A
  1. Sup vena cava
  2. Inf vena cava
  3. **coronary sinus **(heart)
19
Q

What are the two main branches coming off the aorta that feed the heart?

A
  1. Left coronary artery (LCA)
  2. Right coronary artery (LCA)
20
Q

What 2 arteries does the left coronary artery divide into?

A

Left ant descending (LAD) & circumflex (circ) arteries

21
Q

Most damage in the heart comes from occulusion of what artery?

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)

22
Q

What does the left anterior descending feed in the heart?

A
  • Most of L ventricle
  • Most of interventricular septum
  • Anterior wall of R ventricul
  • AV node (10% of people)
23
Q

Where does the circumflex artery run?

A

runs along the atrioventricular groove

24
Q

What are the branches called than come off the left nat descending (LAD)?

25
What aretery becomes the posterior descending artery? What are the variations called?
* 88% of the time - Right coronary artery (right dominant heart) * 12% of time - Circumflex artery (left dominant herat)
26
What does the circumflex artery feed in the heart?
* Superior, marginal and posterior L ventricle * Left atrium * SA node (40% of people)
27
Where does the Right coronary artery (RCA) run?
R atrioventricular groove
28
What does the Right coronary artery (RCA) feed in the heart?
* Most of R ventricle * R atrium * Interior surface of L ventricle (post descending artery) * Part of post L ventricle and interventricular septum * SA Node (60% of people) * AV Node (90% of people)
29
What is collateral circulation?
* Extra routes in heart → available to open atrial supply is hindered. * Takes 8-24 hours to open
30
Where do most cardiac veins drain? Where does the Thebesian vein drain?
* Most drain to into coronary sinus → right atrium * Thesbian drains DIRECTLY into L & R Ventricles
31
What nervous system inervates the heart? What effects does it have on the heart?
Autonomic nervous system * PNS * - Chronotropic effect (dec HR) * SNS * + Chronotropic effect (inc HR) * + Inotropic effect (inc SV)
32
What is **syncytia**?
Cells act together succinctly together like ONE cell
33
What are the differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle cells?
* Cardiac: * Striated * Series * Less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum * Innervated by autonomic system (PNS & SNS) * More mitochondria (Aerobic metabolism)
34
What is the path of electrical stimulation in the heart?
Sa Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Purkinjie Fibers
35
What is the rate of depolarization in each of the atonomic cells types in the heart?
* SA Node: 70-80 action potentials/min * AV Node: 40-60 action potentials/min * Bundle of His and Purkinjie Fibers: 20-40 action potentials/min
36
Cardiac cells create own action potentials and never rest. What elements are involved in its depolarization and reploarization?
* Na+ in * Ca++ in (initial repolarization) * K+ Out
37
What is the S1 heart sound?
* First heart sound * Loudest at apex * "lub" sound * **closing of mitral and tricuspid valve** * mitral (left) closes slghtly faster
38
What is the S2 heart sound?
* The second heart sound * Loudest at aortic area * "dub" * **closing of aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves** * aortic closes slightly before
39
What is the S3 heart sound?
* ventricle vibration - passive distension * "Ventricular Gallop" * Can be normal * Indicates CHF * sounds like: lub dub**-ub**
40
What is the S4 heart sound?
* Artial contraction * "Atrial Gallop" * Sound: "**du**-lub dub" * Normally in trained athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) * Abnormal with * CAD * Hypertensive cardiac disease * pulmonic disease * history of MI or CABG
41
What does Bachman's Bundle do?
Delivers impulse from R to L atrium
42
What do the internodal tracts do?
Deliver impulse directly to AV node
43
Why does the electrical imulse of the heart pause briefly at the AV Node?
Allows time for blood to get out of atria and into ventricles

Cardio Pulm Units (13 decks)

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