Unit 1- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Administration

Question 1

What is pharmacology

Answer 1

the study of drugs and interactions

Question 2

What is a drug

Answer 2

Chemical Agent that produces a physiologic or biological effect in an organism

Question 3

What happens with drug misuse

Answer 3

Can be poisons, adverse effect

Question 4

Medical Directive

Answer 4

Delegating the task of administering drugs to the MRT is a medical directive (role specific not person specific, but need the knowledge to complete)

Question 5

Standing Order

Answer 5

Written directions for specific medication or exam

ie: contrast administration

Question 6

Stat Order Definition

Answer 6

Drug to be administered immediately

Question 7

PRN (pro re nata) Order

Answer 7

Drug administered as necesarry

Question 8

Verbal Order

Answer 8

Given to a person authorized to see the order
Should be documented and signed by the person (MRT)

Question 9

Over the Counter Drugs

Answer 9

Safe for self administration

Some prescription drugs may also be sold OTC because they are sold with lesser potency

Question 10

Alternative Therapies

Answer 10

Natural plant extracts, dietary supplements, vitamins, herbs

All alternative therapies must be included in drug history of patient to avoid adverse reactions

Question 11

Drug Error

Answer 11

Must be documented and complete an institutional incident report

Question 12

Trade Name of Drug

Answer 12

Assigned by the manufacturer

Question 13

Chemical Name

Answer 13

Presents the exact chemical formula
Complex and rarely used by the MRT

Question 14

Generic Drug Name

Answer 14

Given to a drug before official approval for use

Question 15

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 15

how the drug moves through the body

Question 16

Bioavailability

Answer 16

The amount of drug that actually reaches the systemic circulation before it comes bioavailable

Route of drug administration plays an important role (IV is quicker than a pill)

Question 17

First-Pass Effect

Answer 17

Partial metabolism of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation

Avoided by parenteral, sublingual, vaginal route avoid first-pass effect

Question 18

Factors that affect pharmokinetics

Answer 18

• Absorption rate
• Patients Age/Weight/Sex
• Ethnicity and genetics
• Nutritional/Immune status
• ## Disease in livers and kidneys

Question 19

Factors that affect Drug Metabolism

Answer 19

• Cardiovascular dysfunction
• Starvation
• Obstructive Jaundice
• Drug therapy- some drugs can increase metabolism

Question 20

Half - Life

Answer 20

The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed

A measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body

Question 21

Drug Effects

Answer 21

• altering BP
• altering heart rate
• altering urinary output
• altering function of the central or periphernal nervous system
• altering changes in other body systems
  May be adverse or therapeutic

Question 22

Adverse Effects

Answer 22

Side Effect: unintended effect
Toxic Effect: related to dose
Allergic Effect: caused due to previous exposure due to drug or compounds within drugs
- immediate: can range from mild to anaphylactic
- delayed: can develop hours to days after, typically less severe

Question 23

Radiographers response to Anaphylactic reaction

Answer 23

1. Stop contrast admin & CT scanner
2. Find and administer Epi-Pen or call a code
3. Call for help
4. Do not leave patient unattended
5. Once help arrives grab crash cart and equipment needed

Question 24

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 24

A rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering less effective (drug dependence)

Question 25

5 Rights of drug administration

Answer 25

the right drug the right patient the right dose the right route the right time all of this needs to be documented

Question 26

Drug Documentation

Answer 26

Drug name Drug dose Route of administration Date and time Signature of Radiographer

Question 27

Dosage Form: Tablet

Answer 27

Most common powdered drug thats compressed to hard solid Needs to mix w GI juice to form liquid for absorption

Question 28

Capsule

Answer 28

Powdered or liquid drug in gelatin shell Gelatin dissolved by stomach acid

Question 29

Dosage form: Inhalant

Answer 29

Allows for high concetrations of a drug deposited in the respiratory mucosa and exerts action by producing bronchodilation

Question 30

Dosage Form: Suspension

Answer 30

one or more drugs are in small particles are suspended in liquid carrier Administered orally; barium sulfate suspension for swallow test NEVER administered intravenously

Question 30

Dosage form: Suppository

Answer 30

Shaped for the insertion into the body orifice Can have local or systemic effect

Question 31

Dosage Form: Solution

Answer 31

Dose form in which one or more drugs are dissolved in a liquid carrier Rapidly absorbed parenterally or orally

Question 32

Dosage Form: Transdermal Patch

Answer 32

Applied on the skin surface and absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 33

Enteral Routes of Drug Administration: Oral

Answer 33

Most efficient and cost effective Used when slower absorption and longer duration of drug activity is required Patient must be conscious and elevate head for swallowing, ensure water is available

Question 34

Enteral Routes of Drug Administration: Sublingual

Answer 34

Placed under the tongue to dissolve (close to the circulatory system) Avoids first pass effect Immediate onset Not to be swallowed or chewed

Question 35

Enteral Routes of Drug Administration: Buccal

Answer 35

Placed against the mucus membrane of the cheek till it dissolves Used for local effect

Question 36

Enteral Routes of Drug Administration: Rectal

Answer 36

Route may be chosen if patient is nauseated or unable to retain oral drugs Absorption may be erratic and therefore, difficult to determine accurate dosage

Question 37

Enteral Routes of Drug Administration: Nasogastric/Naso-enteral

Answer 37

NG tube: nose to stomach NE tube: nose to small intestine

Question 38

Parenteral Routes or Drug adminstration: Intramuscular

Answer 38

Injected into the muscle for prompt absorption 90 degree angle

Question 39

Parenteral Routes or Drug adminstration: Intradermal

Answer 39

Used to test sensitivity to a drug or antigen: TB testing Injected into the dermis 10 degree angle

Question 40

Parenteral Routes or Drug adminstration: Subcutaneous

Answer 40

under a layer of skin but above the muscle into subcutaneous fat Abdomen is a common site 45 degree angle

Question 41

Parenteral Routes or Drug adminstration: Intravenous

Answer 41

injected into a vein Provides the most immediate effect of the drug 25 degree angle

Question 42

Parenteral Routes or Drug adminstration: Intrathecal

Answer 42

into the spinal canal

Question 43

Parenteral Routes or Drug adminstration: Intra-arterial

Answer 43

into an artery

Question 44

Parenteral Routes or Drug adminstration: Intra-articular

Answer 44

Into joint to see joint fluid leak

Question 45

Topical Route of drug administration

Answer 45

Can produce local or systemic effect ie; lotions, creams, oitments, powder