unit 1 part 4

Question 1

biases of fossil records

7

Answer 1

factors such as anatomy, size, number, environment, time, geology, and paleontology can influence whether the fossil will be found or formed

anatomy - hard body parts = preserved
size - larger = more likely to be found
number - species with greater pops = more likely to be found
environment - edge/in water = preserved/fossilized
time - more recent = more likely to be found
geology - chem
paleontology - bias of fossil ppl to find specific animals

Question 2

4 stages of the origin of life

Answer 2

1. Nucleotides and amino acids produced prior to the
   existence of cells
2. Polymerization into larger molecules
3. Polymers became enclosed in membranes, forming
   protocells
4. Origin of self-replicating molecules

Question 3

protocells

Answer 3

aggregate of pre-biotically produced molecules that acquired a boundary that allowed it to maintain a distinct internal environment

Question 4

age of the earth

Answer 4

4.5 billion years

Question 5

time appearance of prokaryotes

Answer 5

3.5 billion years

Question 6

time appearance of eukaryotes

Answer 6

2 billion years

Question 7

time appearance of multicellular eukaryotes

Answer 7

1.3 billion years

Question 8

time appearance of animals

Answer 8

less than 1 billion years

Question 9

time appearance of land plants

Answer 9

.5 billion years

Question 10

time appearance of humans

Answer 10

300,000 years ago

Question 11

earth’s environmental 7 changes over the years

Answer 11

climate/temperature
atmosphere
land masses
flood
glaciation
volcanic eruptions
meteoric impacts
they all allowed for the formation of organic matter – allowing us to live

Question 12

estimating the age of a fossil using radiometric dating

Answer 12

half life – 5,730, (dating ranges 100 - 30,000 yeras)
1/4 of the amount of 14C
answer/age = 11,460

5730 * 2 = 11,460

Question 13

spatial variation

Answer 13

they are the genes that play a role in the development – cell division, migration, differentiation, and death.

Question 14

phylogenetic trees

Answer 14

are a HYPOTHESIS of evolutionary relationships

Question 15

binomial nomenclature

Answer 15

genus first and then species

Question 16

Anagenesis

Answer 16

single species evolves into a different specie

A makes B

Question 17

Cladogenesis

Answer 17

a species diverges into
2 or more species

A makes B AND C

Question 18

Monophyletic group

Answer 18

contains a common
ancestor and all its descendants
preferred in taxonomy

Question 19

Paraphyletic group

Answer 19

contains a common
ancestor but not all descendants

Question 20

Polyphyletic group

Answer 20

contains groups of
species with different common ancestors

Question 21

parsimony

Answer 21

the tree that is preferred that is the simplest for all characters and their states

Question 22

neutral mutations

Answer 22

they are changes in the DNA that are not beneficial or detrimental for the reproduction or survival of the organism