unit 1 col.

Question 1

microevolution

Answer 1

small scale, relating changes in a SINGLE gene in a pop overtime

Question 2

macroevolution

Answer 2

relates to the formation of new species or groups of species. longer period of time – uses the time trees thingy

Question 3

epigenetics

Answer 3

non genomial change in traits

not mutations

Question 4

evidence of evolutionary change

3 things

Answer 4

• fossil records
  -biogeography
• observations of natural and artificial selections
• homologies
  – anatomical
  – developmental
  – molecular

Question 5

population genetics (what do they want to know + what do they help us understand)

Answer 5

Know:
- why the genes exist
- how’s maintained
- how it changes

Helps us understand how genetic variation is related to phenotypic variation (what ns acts upon)

Question 6

Polymorphism

Answer 6

two or more variations of a trait within a population

Question 7

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

Answer 7

A single nucleotide difference in a gene – the most common type of polymorphism

Question 8

gene pool

Answer 8

all of the alleles for every gene in a population

Question 9

genotypes

Answer 9

genes/DNA

not the appearance

Question 10

phenotype

Answer 10

physical appearance

Question 11

allele frequency

the calculation / formula

Answer 11

number of copies of a specific allele // total # of all alleles for that gene in a population

Question 12

genotype frequency

formula

Answer 12

of individuals with the genotype // total # of individuals in a population

Question 13

p

Answer 13

frequency of dominant ALLELES

Question 14

q

Answer 14

frequency of recessive ALLELES

Question 15

p^2

Answer 15

% of individuals with homozygous dominant
GENOTYPES

Question 16

q^2

Answer 16

% of individuals with homozygous recessive
GENOTYPES

Question 17

Fitness

Answer 17

measure of reproductive success and contribution to the gene pool of the next generation

Question 18

Directional Selection

Answer 18

ind at one extreme of a range have greater rep. success
ex. antibiotic resistance

Question 19

Diversifying Selection

Answer 19

favors the survival of 2 or more diff. genotypes
likely to occur in heterozygous environments or when 2 phenotypes have high fitness

Question 20

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 20

favors the survival of inds with intermediate phenotypes. extreme values of a trait are selected against

Question 21

balancing selection

Answer 21

two or more alleles are kept in balance and are maintained over many gens. helps maintain genetic diversity

2 common ways:
- het favored
- frequency dependent selection (fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is).

Question 22

fossil record and its impact in evolutionary theory

Answer 22

showed gradual evolutionary change in species.
Used to see the transition form.

Question 23

Biogeography and its evolutionary impact

Answer 23

Showed that selection acts independenly with separate lands.

Question 24

Selective breeding and artifical selection - their impact on the evolutionary theory

Answer 24

as they were made possible due to genetic variation, it suggests proof of evolution/natural selection.

Question 25

homology

Answer 25

shows similarities due to common ancestor.

Question 26

Developmental Homology

Answer 26

Species that differ as adults usually look similar during the embryonic stages

Question 27

Molecular homology

Answer 27

shows similarities in DNA/gene sequences.

Question 28

Convergent evolution

Answer 28

animals that have different ancestors have similar traits
this means that their traits appear due to similar environmental pressures.

Question 29

analogous structures

Answer 29

similar function traits with no common ancestry
due to convergent evolution

Question 30

evolution

Answer 30

is a change in the gene/allele frequency

Question 31

vestigial structures

Answer 31

structures that seem to have no particular function.

Question 32

adaptation

Answer 32

INHERITED characteristics of organisms that enhance survival and reproduction in specific environments