Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy Flashcards
Autotroph
an organism that can make its own food by synthesizing organic nutrients from inorganic materials, using energy from sunlight or a chemical source to drive the process.
Light Reactions
the first stage of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
a green pigment (natural color) found in many plants
Photosynthesis
the process in which green plants use sunlight to make their own food
Calvin cycle
the second half of photosynthesis that is carried out by all plants, some algae and a few bacteria
Alcoholic fermentation
A chemical change in animal and vegetable matter brought about by microscopic yeasts, bacteria, and molds
Electron Transport Chain
The series of steps by which electrons flow to oxygen permits a gradual lowering of the energy of the electrons
Mitochondrial matrix
a gel-like material in the mitochondrion, or organelle that performs the process of aerobic respiration, that contains ribosomes resembling those of bacteria
NADPH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Aerobic respiration
exchanging two gases—oxygen and carbon dioxide
Fermentation
A chemical change in animal and vegetable matter brought about by microscopic yeasts, bacteria, and molds
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Glycolysis
glucose splitting
ADP
a compound formed in living cells that reacts to form ATP
Pigment
a substance that gives color to other materials
Granum
one of the stacks of chlorophyll-containing material in plant chloroplasts
Stomata
allow gas exchange and regulate water loss
Heterotrophs
organisms that can’t make their own food and so must get energy by eating plants and animals to survive
Carbon Fixation
the process by which plants fix atmospheric carbon to form organic compounds
NADH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)
Thylakoids
a disk-shaped, membranous sac containing chlorophyll, in which the light reaction of photosynthesis occurs, found in blue-green algae and in the chloroplasts of green plants
Carotenoids
pigments that give yellow and orange colors, sometimes red, synthesized by plants
Anaerobic respiration
occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly than aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration
the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions
Krebs cycle
a series of chemical reactions in living things in which acetic acid or a related substance is oxidized to produce energy which is stored in ATP
Pyruvic acid
an acid that can be formed from either glucose or glycogen and is an important chemical in the production of energy from food in animals
Citric acid
a pleasantly sour-tasting organic acid obtained especially from lemon and lime juices or by the chemical breakdown of sugars and used as a flavoring
ATP
the form of energy your body cells use to do their work
