Unit 1 - Lesson 4 Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are macromolecules?

Answer 1

Large molecules usually composed of repeating units

Question 2

What are the 4 major classes of macromolecules?

Answer 2

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids (fats)
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)

Question 3

What is the assembly of macromolecules through condensation (dehydration synthesis)?

Answer 3

Creates covalent bonds, removes H and OH
Absorb energy in over all process
Anabolic reaction: construction of large molecules

Question 4

What is the assembly of macromolecules through hydrolysis?

Answer 4

Water molecule is used to break covalent bond
Releases energy in overall process
Catabolic reaction: break molecules into individual subunits
Example: Sucrose + Water = glucose + fructose

Question 5

What are Carbohydrates?

Answer 5

most common organic material on earth, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio

Question 6

What is Carbohydrates used for?

Answer 6

Used as a source of energy, building materials, and as well surface makers for cell to cell communication

Question 7

What are the groups of Carbohydrates?

Answer 7

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 8

List the characteristics of Monosaccharides?

Answer 8

Simple sugars
Contain single chain C-atoms to which Hydroxyl groups attach
Distinguished by a Carbonyl group (Aldehyde)

Question 9

What are the 3 common Hexoses?

Answer 9

1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
   (fructose and galactose are insomers of glucose)

Question 10

What are Isomers?

Answer 10

Molecules that the same empirical formula but different arrangement of atoms

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Disaccharides?

Answer 11

Composed of 2 simple units bonded together by the removal of water (condensation and dehydration)
Sugars attach to one another by covalent bonds called glycosidic linkages

Question 12

What are some example of Disaccharides?

Answer 12

1. Maltose: used in the production of beer
   - glucose + glucose (alpha linkage)
2. lactose: found in milk
   - glucose + galactose (beta linkage)
3. Sucrose (table sugar)
   - glucose + fructose (alpha linkage)

Question 13

What are the characteristics of Polysaccharides?

Answer 13

Very polar, hydrophilic (can dissolve in water), but since they are huge molecules, they cannot dissolve

Question 13

What is the function of Polysaccharides?

Answer 13

Energy storage: for starch and glycogen
- Store in liver and muscle cell
Structural support: for cellulose and chitin
- Stores in cell wall and found in insects

Question 14

What are complex carbohydrates?

Answer 14

composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides held together by glycosidic linkage