UNIT 1 - Lecture 5: Non-Regenerative Anemia Flashcards
What are typical non-regen anemia findings?
Normocytic, normochromic w/o reticulocytosis
What are 2 causes of non-regen anemia?
- Reduced erythropoiesis
- Ineffective erythropoiesis
What is the most common cause for a mild to moderate non-regen anemia? What are the findings?
Anemia of chronic dz/inflammation;
Normocytic, normochromic, non-specific
Inflam leukogram, +/- rouleaux, low Fe, increased Igs, increased acute phase proteins
How does anemia of chronic dz/inflammation affect EPO?
erythropoiesis decreased by inflam CKs –> decreased EPO production or cellular response to EPO
What type of anemia does chronic kidney dz cause?
Non-regen, mild to moderate
How does CKD contribute to anemia?
Loss of functional kidney tissue –> decreased EPO –> cannot maintin normal rate of erythropoiesis
What are typical concurrent findings of non-regen anemia with CKD?
Azotemia, increased SDMA, isosthenuria, electrolyte disturbances, PU/PD, malaise, vomiting, diarrhea
What cell lines are affected by diseases causing marrow hypoplasia/aplasia?
ALL cell lines - RBCs, WBCs, platelets
What are potential causes of marrow hypoplasia/aplasia?
- Infectious agents
- Drugs/toxins
- Irradiation
- Myelophthisis
What are 4 diseases causing selective erythroid hypoplasia or aplasia?
- Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)
- FeLV-induced erythroid hypoplasia
- Endocrine diseases
- Liver dz
In PRCA, other cell lines are _____.
unaffected
What endocrine diseases cause erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia?
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypoadrenocorticism
- Hyperestrogenism
How does liver dz cause erythroid hypoplasia/aplasia?
Defectice AA and protein synthesis and abnormal lipid metabolism and/or AID
How is Fe deficiency related to non-regen anemia?
Chronic external blood loss depletes Fe –> Fe unavailable to RBC production
Why is copper important in non-regen anemia?
It is an essential cofactor for enzymes required for iron uptake from the GIT
Why is folate (B12) important in non-regen anemia?
Folate and cobalamin required for DNA synthesis –> deficiencies can result in abnormal RBC development
In addition to being necessary for erythropoiesis, iron is necessary for what other important cell processes?
- DNA synthesis
- Energy production
- Defense
Why is Fe regulation tightly controlled?
Iron can cause cell damage due to the formation of reactive oxygen spp
What is hepcidin and what is it involved with?
Protein that is the key regulator of iron;
Involved with anemia of inflammatory dz
Why is serum [Fe] not commonly tested for?
Hemolysis or lipemia can cause interference;
It represents amount of Fe bound to transferrin
What are causes of hypoferremia?
- Random transient variation
- Dexamethasone injections (cattle)
- Decreased absorption or intake
- Sequestration with inflammation, cancer, or PSS
- Loss from chronic, external blood loss
What are causes of hyperferremia?
- Random transient variation can occur
- Corticosteroid admin in dogs and horses
- Hepatic necrosis (releases stored Fe)
- Increased RBC turnover (hemolytic anemia)
- Decreased erythropoiesis (PRCA)
- iron overload
