Unit 1- Introduction To Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy
(To cut apart) many body parts are easier to study when they are cut from the body
Terminologia Anatomica (TA)
A list of proper (official) anatomical names to combat the confusion
Normal anatomic position
The body is standing erect with the head and feet directly forward
Sagittal plane [planum sagittalis]
Any vertically oriented plane that divides the body into right and left portions
Median plane [planum medianus]
Sagittal plane that courses through the anterior (front) and posterior (back) midlines of the body
Frontal (coronal) plane [planum frontalis/ coronalis ]
Any vertically oriented plane perpendicular to the median plane which divides the body Into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Medial [medialis]
Toward or relatively closer to the median plane
Lateral [lateralis]
Away from or relatively farther from the median plane
Posterior [posterior]
Toward or relatively closer to the backside of the body
Anterior [anterior]
Toward or relatively closer to the front side of the body
Superior [superior]
Toward or relatively closer to the top of the head
Inferior [inferior]
Away from or relatively farther from the top of the of the head
Proximal [proximalis]
Toward or relatively closer to a reference point.
Distal [distalis]
Away from or relatively farther from a reference point
Transverse plane [ planum transversus]
Any horizontally oriented plane that divides the head, neck, trunk or limbs into the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Superficial/ external [superficiallis, externus]
Near or relatively closer to the outer aspect (surface) of the body or part.
Deep, Internal [profundus, internus]
Near or relatively closer to the central aspects of the body or part
Dorsal [dorsalis]
Toward or relatively close to the back
Ventral [ventralis]
Toward or relatively closer to the “belly”
Palmar/ volar [palmaris/ volaris]
Toward or relatively closer to the anterior aspect of the hand (The side where the palm is located)
Plantar [plantaris]
Toward or relatively closer to the sole (Underside) of foot were is synonymous with inferior
Middle [medius]
A position between superior/ inferior, anterior/Posterior, space proximal/distal or superficial/deep
Intermediate [ intermedius]
A “ side to side” position between medial and lateral structures
Radial [radialis]
Radial implies toward or relatively closer to the lateral aspect of the entire superior limb
Ulnar [ulnaris]
Ulnar implies toward or relatively closer to the medial aspect of the entire superior limb
Tibial [tibialis]
Tibial Implies toward or relatively closer to the medial side of the inferior limb
Fibular/ peroneal [fibularis/ peronealis]
Fibular implies toward or relatively closer to the lateral aspect of the inferior Limb
Longitudinal [longitudinalis]
Parallel to the long axis of an elongated structure (lengthwise)
Transverse [transversus]
Perpendicular to the long axis of an elongated structure (across)
Ipsilateral
Indicates a structure or position on the same side of the body
Contralateral
Contralateral implies Opposition on the opposite side of the body
Right [dexter]
On the right hand side of the body
Left [sinister]
On the left side of the body
Central [centralis]
Towards the center
Peripheral [peripheralis]
Away from the center
Vertical [verticalis]
Within a sagittal or frontal plane
Horizontal [horizontalis]
Within a transverse plane
Caput
(Head) The superior extremity of the body that is supported by the neck. it is subdivided by the cranium and ..
Cranium
(Cranium) The portion of the head that surrounds and houses the brain (braincase)
Cubitus
(Elbow) The portion of the superior limb at the junction of the brachium and the antebrachium
Antebrachium
(Forearm) The portion of the superior limb between the elbow and the wrist “the lower arm”
Manus
(Hand) The distal portion of the superior limb beyond the forearm. It is subdivided into wrist, metacarpus and digits
Carpus
(Wrist) The proximal part of the hand. It contains the eight carpal bones
Metacarpus
(Metacarpus) The portion of the hand between the wrist and the digits. It contains 5 metacarpal bones
Digiti manus
(Digits of the hand) The five movable Extensions forming the distal part of the manus. Digits are numbered 1-5 beginning with the thumb.
Digitus primus, pollex
(first digit) lateral most finger
Digitus secundus, index
Second digit the finger medial to the thumb
Digitus tertius lll, digitus medius
Third digit the long axis of the limb goes through this finger
Digitus quartus lV digitus anularis
Fourth digit or ring finger the finger lateral to the little finger
Digitus quintus V, Digitus minimus
Fifth digit or a little finger the medial most finger
Membrum inferioris
(Inferior Limb) the paired lower limb of the body. Each is divided into five major parts
Coxa
(Hip) the junction of the inferior limb with the truck
Femur
(Thigh) The upper leg consisting of the part of the inferior extremely between the hip and the knee
Bone is known as the os femoris (femur bone)
Genu
(Knee) The portion of the inferior limb at the junction of the thigh and Crus
Crus
The lower leg.
The portion of the inferior land between the genu (knee) and the tarsus ( ankle)
Sura
(Calf) The posterior, proximal part of the crus
Pes
(Foot) The distal portion of the inferior limb beyond the crus. It’s subdivided into the ankle, Metatarsus and the digits
Tarsus
(Ankle) The proximal part of the pes (foot) which contains the seven tarsal bones
Metatarsus
( metatarsus) The portion of the pes so (foot) between the tarsus ( ankle) and the digits that contain the five metatarsal
Digiti pes
(Digits of the foot, toes) The five terminal extremities comparison in the distal portion of the foot.
Digitus primus, hallux
(First digit or big toe) the medial most toe
Digitus secundus
(Second digit or toe) the toe directly lateral to the big toe.
Digitus tertius
(Third digit) middle toe
Digitus quartus
(Fourth digit) the toe lateral to the middle toe
Digitus quintus V Digitus minimus
(Fifth digit or little toe) the lateral most toe
Frons/ sinciput
(Forehead) is the anterior aspect of the cranium or brow
Occiput
(Occiput) is the posterior aspect of the cranium
Vertex
(Crown) refers to the upper most point on the head
Tempus
(Temple) is the side of the head posterior to the eye and anterior to the ear
Auris
(Ear) Is the organ of the hearing and equilibrium. It includes the external ear as well as the middle and the internal portions
Facies
(Face) The anterior aspect of the head
Oculus
(Eye) is the visual organ consisting of the eyeball, eyelids, and several accessory structures house within the bony orbit
Nasus
(Nose) Is the anteromedian projection from the face through which we breathe
os
(Mouth) is the initial part of the digestive system
Bucca
(Cheek) The soft tissue below each eye that encloses the oral cavity literally
Mentum
(Chin) is the inferior median protuberance of the head
Collum
(Neck) The structure that connects to head to the trunk
Regio cervicales posterior / nucha
(posterior aspect forward/region (nape)) The posterior aspect or “scruff” of the neck
Regio cervicales anterior / cervix
Front of neck
( anterior aspect/region of the neck or cervix) is the anterior aspect of the neck.
Used alone, cervix refers to the anterior part of the neck. The term is also used to refer to the narrowed portion of some structures (cervix of uterus).
Truncus
(Trunk) The central portion of the body to which the neck and the limbs attached, it includes the back, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
Dorsum
(Back) The posterior aspect of the trunk
Thorax/ pectus
( thorax/ chest) the superior aspect of the anterior portion of the trunk
Abdomen
(Abdomen) the portion of the trunk immediately inferior to the ribs
Pelvis
(Pelvis) the portion of the trunk inferior to the abdomen
Membrum superioris
(Superior limb) the part upper limb of the body each is divided into five major parts
Regio deltoideus
(Deltoid region/ shoulder) The portion of the superior limb which attaches to the thorax
Brachium
(Arm) The proximal portion of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow ( upper arm)
Cell [cellula]
Is composed of a cytoplasm and nucleus and a cell membrane
Tissue [textus]
Is composed of groups of similar kinds of cells in their extracellular products there are four basic types of tissue
Muscle tissue [textus muscularis]
Contractile tissue
Epithelial tissue [textus epitheliais]
Tissue that covers part of the body and some tissue that secretes
Connective tissue [textus connectivus]
Uniting tissue
Nervous tissue [textus nervosus]
Conducting tissue
Organs systems [organa]
Specific parts of the body formed by two or more tissues
Systems [systemata]
Groups of organs with structural and functional into relationships form systems
Digestive (alimentary) system
Oral cavity, teeth, tongue,gullet, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory digestive organs (Salivary glands, Pancreas, liver and gallbladder)
Respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Urinary system
Kidneys, Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Male reproductive system or male genital system
Testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, penis, and accessory sex glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands
Female reproductive system or female genital system
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and Vulva
Cardiovascular system
Heart, arteries, veins capillaries, and blood (the only liquid tissue is also a major component of the system). Sometimes referred to as the circulatory system
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors
Lymphatic or lymphoid system
Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic Capillaries, thymus, spleen, tonsils, and subepithelial aggregations of lymphatic nodules
Endocrine system
The hormone producing organs including the pineal gland pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland and adrenal gland as well as a group of hormone producing cells and number of other body organs
Integumentary system
Skin (in associated grande) hair, and nails
Muscular system
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal systems
Bones
