*Unit 1 - Intro & Safety Flashcards
Meter =
Linear
Liter =
Volume
Gram =
Weight
1 meter = ?mm
1000
1 liter = ?ml
1000
1 Gram = ?mg
1000
? Grams = 1 kilogram
1000
? mm = 1 cm
10
1 L = ? Quarts
1
1 oz = ? ml
30
1 tsp = ? ml
5
1 kg = ? lbs
2.2
The study of medicines, including their administration, their sites of action and their affects
Pharmacology
The use of drugs for prevention and treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Anything that helps prevent, cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition
Drug
What the drug is treating
Therapeutic
How the drug acts in the body, physiologic
Pharmacologic
Standardized by the international union of pure and applied chemistry
Chemical name
Assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council
Generic name
Assigned by the pharmaceutical company
Trade, brand, proprietary name
True/False: NCLEX will always use generic names
True!!
How many chemical, generic, and brand names can a drug have?
Generic: 1
Brand: multiple
- assure safety and efficacy of drugs and medical devices
- encourages innovation in making drugs more effective, safer, and more affordable
- disseminating information about drugs
- assured effective drugs are available
FDA
Process of Drug Development
Preclinical research: FDA Review -> investigational new drug application
Clinical Trials: phase 1, phase 2, phase 3
New Drug Application
Post-marketing Surveillance
Congress passed the Controller Substance act in ____.
1970
This act recognized the abuse and dependency potential of specific drugs and categorized these drugs
Controlled Substance act
True/False: Schedule I drugs have a higher abuse or dependency potential than Schedule V drugs
True
Highest potential for abuse
Schedule I
No currently accepted medical use in US
Schedule I
Lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision
Schedule I
Examples include: heroin, marijuana, peyote, LSD
Schedule I
High potential for abuse, physical dependence and psychological dependence
Schedule II
Currently accepted medical use in US, usually no refills
Schedule II
Examples include: morphine, cocaine, methadone, methamphetamine, hydrocodone, codein
Schedule II
Moderate potential for abuse, moderate to low physical and high psychological dependence
Schedule III
Currently accepted medical use in US, 5 refills allowed in 6 months
Schedule III & IV
Examples include: anabolic steroids and ketamine
Schedule III
Lower potential for abuse, lower physical and psychological dependence
Schedule IV
Examples include: benzodiazepines, zolpidem and tramadol
Schedule IV
Lowest potential for abuse, lowest physical and psychological dependence
Schedule V
Currently accepted medical use in the US, can be over-the-counter, refills as authorized by the provider
Schedule V
Examples include: cough syrups with codeine, and antidiarrheal medicines
Schedule V
True/False: double lock is required for narcotics
True
True/False: 1 nurse always counts medications
FALSE! TWO nurses count!
True/False: a nurse always witnessed and signs when a medication is discarded or wasted
True
True/False: a nurse’s responsibility is to count all controlled medications per facility’s policy at the end/beginning of each shift
True
The 10 “RIGHTS”
- right patient
- right drug
- right dose
- right route
- right time
- right Documentation
- right client education
- right or refuse
- right assessment
- right evaluation
Dosage Calculations
(Desired/Have) x Quantity = Amount to give
(Order/how much is in 1 tablet) x #tablets = amount to give
True/False: the perfect drug exists
FALSE
an example in a class
prototype
organization that ensures quality and strength so potency is consistent no matter where you go within the US
United States Pharmacopeia - National Formulary Drug Standards
organization that is responsible for pulling down ads with false information
FDA
True/False: Preclinical research is on humans
FALSE! It’s usually done on animals, but there are a couple other ways through technology
Phase where drug is only tested on a few people
Phase I
Phase where drug is tested on a hundreds of people and placebo will be used for some people
Phase II
Where we catch all the stuff after research and the drug is now in the general public
post-marketing surveillance
What schedule has the highest abuse and what schedule has the lowest abuse
Schedule I = highest
Schedule V = lowest
Schedule where drug has no use in the US (according to federal)
Schedule I
are there refills for schedule II’s
NO!!!!
drug often used in nasal reconstruction surgeries and is a vasoconstricor (prevents bleeding)
cocaine (schedule II)
can you get refills for Schedule III’s
yes, 5 refills allowed in 6 months
why do we care about controlled/scheduled substances
Nurses work with these
can you give a medication without an order
NO!
can you put meds in your pockets
NO! Best practice is to not put stuff in your pockets where you could accidentally take something home
Are nurses in a high risk category for drug dependency?
Yes
True/False: a medication order makes up the 5 “rights”
- if so, what are they
True
- patient
- drug
- dose
- route
- time
What do you do first if med error occurs
you take care of your patient! Evaluate and asses
what’s the last thing you do if med error occurs
complete an occurrence report
Are med names in our Drug Guides generic or brand
generic
2 classifications of drugs
Therapeutic & pharmacologic
A nurse’s involvement in the dispensing and administration of medications is governed by each state and identified in what.
The Nurse Practice Act
What does the Nurse Practice Act contain
This contains the rules and regulations for the practice of nursing.
When should you mix & prepare a medication dose
Right before administering them
Being there, compassion, sensitivity
Not simply “doing” nursing
Caring Theory
Demonstrating the art of nursing through the nurse’s ability to enhance any healing opportunity with the nurse’s unique perspective and attitude.
Caring Theory
True/False: In order to be a healer a nurse must be engaged in self healing practices
True! Care for yourself!
Describes what is being treated by the drug
Therapeutic Classificication
Describes how the drug acts in the body
Pharmacologic Classification
The agent to which all other meds in a class are compared
Prototype
Father of American Pharmacology
John Abel
Therapeutic or Pharmacologic:
Antidepressants, anticoagulants, antipsychotics
Therapeutic Classification
Therapeutic or Pharmacologic:
Diuretics
Beta-blocker
Calcium channel blockers
Pharmacologic Classification
Drugs with more than one active ingredient
Combination drugs
The key to comparing brand-name drugs and their generic equivalents lies in measuring the ____ of the two agents
Bioavailability
The rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action to produce its effect
Bioavailability
If the trade and generic products have the same rate of absorption and have the same onset of therapeutic action, they are said to be ____
Bioequivalent
The _____ requires that all drugs entering the US be inspected and analyzed for quality, purity, and fitness for medical purposes
Drug Importation Act
List of pharmaceutical products and drug recipes
Formulary
1st stage of drug development
Involves extensive lab testing
Scientists perform testing on human and microbial cells cultured in the lab
Most drugs do not proceed past this stage because they are either too toxic or simply not effective
Preclinical research
If a drug appears promising, the pharmaceutical company submits a ____ application to the FDA that contains all the animal and cell testing data
Investigational New Drug Application
Testing is conducted on 20 to 80 healthy volunteers for several months to determine proper dosage and to assess for adverse effects. Focus is safety.
Phase 1
Several hundred patients with the disease to be treated are given the drug. Primary focus is on effectiveness. In most cases, the effectiveness is compared to a placebo or a standard drug used for the same condition
Phase 2
Large numbers of patients with the disease are given the drug to determine patient variability. Potential drug-drug interactions are examined. Patients with chronic conditions such as cardiac, renal, or hepatic impairment are given the drug to determine safety in these important population
Phase 3
If the drug continues to show promise through the clinical phase trials, a ___ is submitted to the FDA.
New Drug Application
Medications that are truly unique and structurally different from existing drugs
New Molecular Entities
Stage 4 of the drug approval process, begins after the NDA review has been completed. The purpose is to survey for harmful drug effects in a larger population
Post-marketing surveillance
Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer.
Medication error
An unexpected death or injury
Sentinel event
Taking medications in the manner prescribed by the health care provider
Adherence
Examine risks and minimize the number of medication errors. Investigate incidents, track data, identify problems, and provide recommendations for improvement.
Risk management departments
Attempts to focus attention on the causes of the error, rather than on the person responsible for the error, so that patient harm can be reduced or eliminated through investigating system vulnerabilities.
Root-cause analysis
Identify processes where errors may occur related to prescription, dispensing, and administration
Health care failure mode and effect analysis
