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Pharmacology N2100 > Final 14 > Flashcards

Final 14 Flashcards

1
Q

mechanism of action of Penicillin

A
  • affect cell walls
  • bacteriocidal: inhibits construction of growing bacteria cell walls (kills by affecting cell walls)
  • narrow spectrum: only treat gram +
  • treat infection by susceptible organisms
  • prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis with prosthetic heart valve or prophylaxis of rheumatic fever
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2
Q

Penicillin is easily destroyed by _____

A

penicillinase

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3
Q

contraindications of Penicllin

A
  • allergies (anaphylactic reaction to penicillin)
  • kidney dysfunction/disease (due to high amt. of excretion that goes through kidneys)
  • caution: cephalosporins
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4
Q

side effects of Penicillin

A
  • itching

- skin reactions

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5
Q

nursing considerations for Penicillin

A
  • inject deep IM
  • hypersensitivity ranges from minutes to weeks
  • decrease effectiveness to BC, so need to use another barrier method
  • monitor neurotoxicity
  • has distinct smell in urine
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6
Q

what to report with Penicillin

A

diarrhea

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7
Q

mechanism of action of ampicillin

A
  • bacteriocidal: inhibits construction of growing bacteria cell walls (kills by affecting cell walls)
  • broad spectrum: treats gram + & some -
  • to treat infection by susceptible organism
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8
Q

contraindications of ampicillin

A
  • allergy: especially if allergic to penicillin
  • kidney probs
  • caution: cephalosporins
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9
Q

side effects of amipicillin

A
  • rash

- diarrhea

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10
Q

nursing considerations of ampicillin

A
  • decreases effectiveness to BC, so use extra barrier method
  • monitor kidney function
  • want to try and take on empty stomach/glass of water for absorption, but can take c food for GI probs
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11
Q

mechanism of action & classification of Cefazolin

A
  • 1st gen cephalosporin: beta-lactam ring, most effective against gram +, does not cross BBB (doesn’t enter CSF)
  • small amt. gets in CNS
  • bacteriocidal
  • broad spectrum compared to penicillin
  • not effective against MRSA
  • used for prophylaxis in surgical procedures
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12
Q

what is Cefazolin sensitive to

A

beta lactamase

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13
Q

contraindications & side effects of Cefazolin

A

contraindication: cross allergy (penicillin)

side effects: rash, diarrhea

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14
Q

nursing considerations for Cefazolin

A
  • inject really deep IM
  • can be nephrotoxic: monitor kidney function
  • monitor for superinfection because of broad spectrum
  • can be given IM or IV
  • secreted in breast milk
  • start 30 min. before cut time for surgeries
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15
Q

mechanism of action & classification of Imipenem-cilastin

A
  • carbapenems (penems)
  • bacteriocidal
  • broad spectrum: gram + & =, & anaerobic
  • treat some strains of MRSA
  • cilistatin: doesn’t do anything to help kill bacteria, so the Imipenem is antibiotic part
  • excretion through kidneys
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16
Q

contraindications of Imipenem-cilastin

A
  • kidney probs

- brain injuries: can increase risk for seizures

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17
Q

side effect of Imipenem-cilastin

A
  • N, V, D
  • rash
  • pain at injection site
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18
Q

nursing consideration for Imipenem-cilastin

A
  • admin. parentally: only IM or IV
  • monitor for hypersensitivity (cross allergy with penicillins or cephalosporins)
  • report diarrhea (C. Diff.)
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19
Q

mechanism of action of Tetracycline

A
  • bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomes
  • can be bacteriocidal
  • super super broad spectrum: effective against aerobic, anaerboic, prophylaxis gram + & -
  • limited usefulness due to resistance/penicillin resistant strains
  • used to treat H. Pylori, acne (topically)
20
Q

contraindications of Tetracycline

A
  • allergy
  • can not use in kids < 8
  • can’t use in pregnancy/lactation: tendency to cause permanent discoloration of teeth (category D)
21
Q

side effects of Tetracycline

A
  • permanent teeth discoloration
  • N, V, D
  • epigastric burning
  • photosensitivity
  • black hairy tongue
  • superinfection
22
Q

nursing considerations for Tetracycline

A
  • SUPERINFECTION!!
  • usually given orally, but can be topical for acne
  • can take with food for GI upset (but no milk because of calcium = decreased absorption)
  • avoid taking c Ca+ or Fe+: these decrease absorption of drug
  • monitor for yeast infection
  • use another barrier method of BC
  • keep upright after taking
  • monitor for bleeding
23
Q

mechanism of action & classification of Erythromycin

A
  • macrolides: inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomes
  • treats gram +
  • drug of choice for pertusis & gonorhea
  • used for neonatal eye infection prophylaxis
24
Q

what drug is used in pt’s c allergy to penicillin

A

Erythromycin

25
Q

contraindication of Erythromycin

A
  • decreased hepatic function
26
Q

side effects of erythromycin

A
  • newer generations: less GI effects
  • N, V
  • abdominal cramping
27
Q

nursing considerations for erythromycin

A
  • encourage water & empty stomach, but can take with food for GI upset
  • avoid acidic fruit juice: acidic environment destroys drug
  • report diarrhea (for C. Diff) & yeast infections
  • report s/s hepatotoxicity
  • report s/s ototoxicity: problem hearing, tinnitus
28
Q

mechanism of action & classification of Ciproflaxacin

A
  • fluoroquinolones
  • disrupts DNA synthesis & repair
  • broad spectrum: more effective against gram -
  • drug of choice for post-exposure prophylaxis of B. anthracs
  • commonly used to treat UTIs, sinusitis, pneumonia
29
Q

contraindications of Ciproflaxacin

A
  • pregnancy

- children < 18

30
Q

side effects of ciproflaxacin

A
  • N, V, D
  • rash
  • tendon pain (rupture of achilles tendon)
  • spontaneous retinal detachment
31
Q

nursing considerations for ciproflaxacin

A
  • limit caffeine intake: to limit CNS probs

- teach sudden joint pain: related to cartilage & tendon issue

32
Q

mechanism of action & classification of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A
  • sulfonamidea & UTI meds
  • bacteriostatic: inhibits folic acid production (doesn’t affect human cells since we don’t make folic acid)
  • used for treatment & prophylaxis of UTIs
33
Q

contraindications of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A
  • allergies to sulfas
  • caution: kidney/liver dysfunction
  • pregnancy/lactation
34
Q

side effects of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A
  • N,V
  • hypersensitivity
  • crystal urea = encourage fluid intake
35
Q

nursing considerations of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A
  • may have cross sensitivity to sulfonureas/thiazidiuretics (diabetes)
  • monitor for Stephen Johnson’s syndrome = hypersensitvity
  • monitor for allergies/asthma
  • monitor for CBC & bleeding times
  • avoid K+ supplements: to reduce increase of K+ build up in kidneys
36
Q

mechanism of action for nitrofurantoin

A
  • urinary antiseptic
  • inhibits protein synthesis
  • inhibits aerobic metabolism
  • inhibits DNA & RNA synthesis
  • inhibits cell wall formation
  • treat gram + & -
  • used for acute UTI
37
Q

contraindications of nitrofurantoin

A
  • renal impairment
  • caution: pregnancy
  • babies < 1 mo.
  • pulmonary diseases
38
Q

side effects of nitrofurantoin

A
  • chronic use: side effects show up years & years later
  • A,N,V
  • hypersensitivity
39
Q

nursing considerations for nitrofurantoin

A
  • monitor pulmonary functions: flu-like s/s, dyspnea = discontinue med
  • discourage antacids: because they decrease the absorption
  • increase fluid intake = dilute urine & flush things through
  • can give with food or milk
40
Q

when the body creates an immune response to an antibody or its vaccine

A

active immunity

41
Q

when actual pre-formed antibodies are given to someone, without the person’s own immune system creating them

A

passive immunity

42
Q

4 types of passive immunity

A
  • attenuated (live)
  • inactivated (killed by heat or chemical, safer than attenuated)
  • toxoid (make it so that body doesn’t effect organism itself so much that it attacks the toxins that the microorganism is giving out)
  • recombinant (lab generated proteins = body will recognize as foreign substance & create antibodies)
43
Q

contraindications to immunizations

A
  • MMR or Rubella in pregnant women
44
Q

side effects of immunizations

A
  • pain or swelling at injection site

- low grade fever

45
Q

what is VAERS

A

vaccine adverse effect reporting system: any effects that require medical treatment

Pharmacology N2100 (26 decks)

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