Unit 1: How we move Flashcards

Skeletal system (1.2), muscular system (1.2), neuromuscular function (4.1), joint and movement (4.2)

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

1.1 Skeletal system

Difference between axial and appendicular skeleton

A

Axial:
structure: middle of our body (medial)
ex. ribs, skull, vertebral colum, sternum
Function: protection of important structures, support posture, location for muscles to attach

Appendicular:
structure: all other bones (more lateral)
ex. shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, foot bones
function: movement, locations for muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

1.1 Skeletal system

State the different categories of bones

four main types of bones

A
  1. long bones:
    * longer than wide
    * for movement
    * example: humerus, femur
  2. Flat bones:
    * curved surfaces
    * protection and muscle attachment
    * example: scapula, pelvis, sternum
  3. irregular bones:
    * specialized shapes and functions
    * example: vertabrae, sacrum, coccyx
  4. short bones:
    * cubed shaped
    * articulate (Connext/move) with +1 other bones
    * example: tarsals and carpals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1.1 Skeletal system

How do bones connect to each other (5)

A
  1. joints
    * a point at which two or more bones articulate
    * joint or jucture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton
    * movable joints between rigid parts of an animal
  2. connective tissue:
    * hold parts of the body together
  3. tendons
    * attaches muscle to bones (Bottom - bone tendon muscle)
    * allow for the force generated by the muscle to move the skeleton
  4. ligaments
    * attaches bone to bone (BLOB - bone ligament bone)
    * stabilize joints so that the bones stay in the proper location
    * will be set up in a way that the bones cannot move in a way other than the intended joint movement direction
  5. cartilage
    * strength and flexibility
    * found in many joints covering bone
    * allows for easier movement of the joint as it is smooth
    * provides some movement (Ears, nose, ribs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1.1 Skeletal system

different types of joints in relation to movement permitted(3)

A
  1. fibrous joints
    * thin fibrous material between the edges of bones
    * continuous with the surface layer of the bone
    * NO movement allowed
  2. cartilaginous joints
    * bones are seperated by a fibrocartilage disc or by a thick layer of cartilage
    * limited movement in these joints
  3. synovial joints
    * most common
    * largest range of motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

1.1 Skeletal System

types of synovial joints

A
  • hinge - permits motion in only one plane
    (b/w humerus + ulna)
  • ball and socket - multiple directions of movement
    (b/w hip + femur)
  • condyloid - Movement in two directions formed by concave shape fitting into convex shape
    (b/w metocarpal + phalanx)
  • pivot - Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.
    (b/w vertabrae)
  • gliding - allows one bone to slide over another
    (b/w tarsals)
  • saddle - allows grasping and rotation
    (b/w metacarpals + carpal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

1.1 Skeletal system

Structure of synovial joints (7)

A
  • Articular cartilage → reduce friction, absorb shock
  • Synovial membrane → produce synovial fluid
  • Synovial fluid → lubrication and reduce friction
  • Bursae - small fluid sac. Reduces friction of two structure rubbing against each other (bone and tendon/ligament/skin
  • Meniscus → semilunar fibrocartilaginous disc. Helps the fit of bones, cushioning and stability
  • Ligaments → support
  • Articular capsule → sleeve that encompasses the entire joint. Protects against dislocation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

1.2 Muscular system

function of muscles (4)

A
  • Movement of body
  • Movement of substances in the body examples: esophagus, intestines
  • Stabilize body
  • Generate heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

1.2 Muscular system

Characteristics of muscles (7)

A

Muscles provide the PULLING force used for movement

  • Extensibility
    Ability to stretch beyond its normal length
  • Elasticity
    Ability to return to normal length after being stretched
  • Contractility
    Ability to shorten and generate force. Pulling force
  • Atrophy
    Weaken and shrink if not used
  • Hypertrophy
    Strengthen and increase in size if used
  • Controlled by stimuli
    Stimulated by nerves and electrical impulses to contract and extend
  • Fed by capillaries
    Capillaries (smallest blood vessel) provide oxygen, nutrients and waste removal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1.2 Muscular system

Different types of muscles

A
  1. Smooth Muscles
    * Blood vessels and hollow organs
    * Involuntary control
    * Not striated
    * Single nucleus
  2. Cardiac Muscles
    * Heart muscle
    * Involuntary control
    * Striated
    * Single nucleus
  3. Skeletal Muscle
    * Movement
    * Voluntary control
    * Striated and tendons
    * Multinucleated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1.2 Muscular system

Structure of a skeletal muscle

A
  • Epimysium - layer that covers entire muscle
  • Perimysium - surrounds bundles of muscle fibres
  • Muscle fiber (fascicles) - strand of muscle
  • Endomysium - surrounds individual fibres
  • Sarcomere - repeating unit in myofibril, where contraction happens
  • motor nueron
  • Myofibril - sub strand of fibre
  • Actin - Thin filament
  • Myosin - Thick filament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

1,2 Muscular system

How to describe muscle locations

A

Two descriptors of the specific location of a muscle are based on where it attaches to bone, where it originates and where it inserts (ends)
* Origin - the muscle tendon attachment point that is stationary with contraction of the muscle. Usually proximal
* Insertion - the muscle tendon attachment point that moves with contraction of the muscle. Usually distal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4.1 Neuromuscular Function

The motor unit

A

A motor unit is made up of a motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by the neuron’s axon terminals
To include: Dendrite, cell body, nucleus, axon, motor end plate, synapse, muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4.1 Neuromuscular Function

How the signal from the nerve get to the muscle

A
  1. neurotransmitters

The role of neurotransmitters in stimulating skeletal muscle contraction:

  • Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers
  • They are responsible for transferring the electrical signal from the neuron, across the synapse as a chemical messenger, to the muscle cell
  • Two specific NT are used in stimulating a muscle contraction:

Acetylcholine:
–>Produced in neuron and triggers a receptor on the muscle

Cholinesterase:
–> Removes acetylcholine from the muscle receptor
–> Breaks acetylcholine down into acetyl and choline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4.1 Neuromuscular Function

The 7 steps of a neurotransmitter stimulating a skeletal muscle contraction:

A
  1. Choline and acetyl combine to create acetylcholine in the axon terminal (end of neuron)
  2. Acetylcholine is stored in vesicles
  3. A nerve impulse reaches the end of the neuron causing acetylcholine to be released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft
  4. Acetylcholine travels across the synaptic cleft
  5. Acetylcholine binds to a receptor on the muscle fiber and triggers depolarization of the muscle cell
  6. Depolarization releases calcium ions (Ca2+) which is used to trigger a muscle contraction
  7. Cholinesterase removes acetylcholine from the receptor to stop the signal for a contraction
  8. Choline is recycled by the neuron to be used again (step 1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4.1 Neuromuscular Function

Sliding filament theory
(what, structures involved, steps (8), end result)

A
  • during muscle contraction ACTIN slides over MYOSIN

Structures involved:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a high energy molecule that functions as an immediate power source for cells
When ATP is hydrolysed (to form ADP + Pi), the energy stored in the terminal phosphate bond is released for use by the cell

steps:
1. Action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Calcium ions bind to troponin (on actin) and cause tropomyosin to move, exposing binding sites for the myosin heads
3. ATP binds to myosin head
4. ATP hydrolysis (ATP → ADP + P) causes the myosin heads to change orientation
5. Myosin heads binds to the actin filament creating a cross-bridge
6. ADP and P release resulting in ENERGY released causing the myosin head to move the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere (power stroke)
7. ATP is able to re-attach to myosin head breaking the cross bridge
8. Cycle is able to restart

end result:
The sliding of actin along myosin therefore shortens the sarcomere, causing muscle contraction
–> this decreases the length of the h Zone and I band of the sarcomere
* A band remains the same length
* Actin and myosin do not change in length. They simply overlap each other more causing shortening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4.1 Neuromuscular Funtion

Types of muscle fibres

A
  1. Type I - Slow twitch
  2. Type IIa - Fast twitch oxidative
  3. Type IIb - fast twitch glycolytic
17
Q

structure (6) and function (4) of slow twitch muscle fibre

A

Type I - Slow twitch
Structure:
* have a large amount of mitochondria and many blood vessels
* Typically red in color due to the dense supply of capillaries
* Small sized motor unit
* Fuel is Triglycerides (fatty acids) - has storages
* High myoglobin - part of muscle that use oxygen
* Smaller amounts of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Function:
* Endurance focused
* Slow nerve contraction speed
–> Slow to contract
–> Fatigue resistant
–> Small force generated
* Slow twitch fibers use oxygen for aerobic respiration
* Prevalent in endurance athletes, such as marathon runners

18
Q

structure (7) and function (7) of type IIa muscle fibre

A

Type IIa - Slow twitch oxidative
Structure:
* Respire anaerobically
* High mitochondria and have medium blood vessels density
* Typically lighter in color (white)
* Large size of motor unit
* High in Glycogen and Creatine as fuel source and stores
* High myoglobin - part of muscle that use oxygen
* Larger amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Function:
* Strength focused
* Faster nerve contraction speed
* Quick to contract
* Intermediate Fatigue - produce lactic acid
* Larger force generated
* Do not use oxygen, anaerobic respiration
* Prevalent in strength athletes, middle distance runners, cycling

19
Q

s

structure (7) and function (7) of type IIb muscle fibre

A

Structure:
* Respire anaerobically
* Low mitochondria and have low blood vessels density
* Typically lighter in color (white)
* Largest size of motor unit
* High in Glycogen and Creatine as fuel source and stores
* Low myoglobin - part of muscle that use oxygen
* Larger amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Function:
* Explosive power focused
* Fastest nerve contraction speed
* Quickest to contract
* High Fatigue - produce lactic acid
* Largest force generated
* Do not use oxygen, anaerobic respiration
* Prevalent in explosive athletes; sprinters (100m)/jumpers/ weight lifters

20
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

Types of movement of synovial joints
Forward and backwards movement

A
  • Flexion - decreasing the angle at a joint (bicep curl)
  • Extension - increasing the angle at a joint (straightening your leg at knee)
21
Q

difference between type IIa and type IIb

A

Type IIa - Fast twitch oxidative
Structure:
* Respire anaerobically
* High mitochondria and have medium blood vessels density
* Typically lighter in color (white)
* Large size of motor unit
* High in Glycogen and Creatine as fuel source and stores
* High myoglobin - part of muscle that use oxygen
* Larger amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Function:
* Strength focused
* Faster nerve contraction speed
* Quick to contract
* Intermediate Fatigue - produce lactic acid
* Larger force generated
* Do not use oxygen, anaerobic respiration
* Prevalent in strength athletes, middle distance runners, cycling

Type IIb - fast twitch glycolytic
Structure:
* Respire anaerobically
* Low mitochondria and have low blood vessels density
* Typically lighter in color (white)
* Largest size of motor unit
* High in Glycogen and Creatine as fuel source and stores
* Low myoglobin - part of muscle that use oxygen
* Larger amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Function:
* Explosive power focused
* Fastest nerve contraction speed
* Quickest to contract
* High Fatigue - produce lactic acid
* Largest force generated
* Do not use oxygen, anaerobic respiration
* Prevalent in explosive athletes; sprinters (100m)/jumpers/ weight lifters

22
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

Side to side type of movements of synovial joints

A
  • abduction - moving away from the midline of your body (lateral raise of your arm)
  • adduction - moving towards the midline of your body (bringing your legs together while standing)
23
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

Up and down types of movement of synovial joints

A
  • elevation - raising a body part verticaly ex. shrugging your shoulders
  • depression - lowering a body part vertically ex. opening your jaw
24
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

other ways to describe movement of synovial joints (8)

A
  • Rotation (Internal/External) - spinning around a fixed axis (looking right or left)
  • Circumduction - moving a limb in a circle (arm circles)
  • Pronation - palms down OR 3 axis movement of ankle
  • Supination - palms up 3 axis movement of ankle
  • Dorsiflexion - raising your toes
  • Plantar flexion - pointing your toes
  • Eversion - outward turn of ankle
  • Inversion - inward turn of ankle
25
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

types of muscle contractions (5)

A

Muscle contractions can be categorized based on how the muscle contracts and the direction of the force applied.

  • Isotonic - change in muscle length results in a change of force. Movement occurs
  • Concentric - muscle shortens in length, decreases joint angle, works against gravity. Causes movement
    Example: Biceps brachii when picking up a cup to take a drink
  • Eccentric - Muscle lengthens, increases joint angle, works with gravity. Controls movement
    Example: Biceps brachii when placing a cup on a table
  • Isometric - Muscle length does not change but contraction happens, no movement occurs - static
    Example: Biceps brachii when holding a tray of drinks
  • Isokinetic - When a muscle contracts so that the body segment to which it is attached moves at a constant speed around the joint, rarely found in sport.
26
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

Concept of reciprocal inhibition

A
  • Big idea: Muscles work in pairs
  • During a movement the nervous system automatically relaxes the antagonist muscle so as not to hinder/interrupt the movement. The motor neuron to the antagonist is inhibited.
  • This improves efficiency of movement as energy is not wasted.
  • Since muscles can only pull, we have pairs of muscles that allow us to move joints in two (or more) directions.
    Example: Biceps brachii and triceps brachii are muscle pairs to allow the arm to flex (biceps pulls) and extend (triceps pulls) at the elbow.
  • The AGONIST muscle is the one performing the concentric contraction. The ANTAGONIST muscle is the muscle that would provide the opposite movement.
    Example: During extension of the leg, rectus femoris is the agonist while biceps femoris is the antagonist.
27
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

What is delayed onset muscle soreness

A
  • Inflammation, shown as pain and/or stiffness, felt in muscles several hours to days after unaccustomed or strenuous exercise
    –> Peak between 24-72 hours
  • Decrease in muscle strength and movement range
  • The pain is typically felt only when the muscle is stretched, contracted or put under pressure, not when it is at rest
28
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

Causes of DOMS:

A
  • Eccentric contractions → muscles lengthening while contracted
  • High intensity exercise / overtraining
    Mechanism is unclear still - hypothesized to be due to micro trauma to muscle or calcium build up in sarcoplasmic reticulum
29
Q

4.2 Joint and movement type

Prevention of DOMS (3)

A
  • warm up with low intensity movements (eccentric and concentric)
  • gradually increase resistance
  • do not over train