Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
Biology
The scientific study of life
Genetic Expression
Process that converts gene to cellular product
Genomics
Study of sets of genes in one or more species
Systems Biology
Interactions among parts of a biological system
Emergent Properties
Properties resulting from the arrangement and interactions as complexity increases
Bioinformatics
Use of computational tools to process a large amount of data rapidly
Proteomics
Study of whole sets of proteins
Consumers
Organisms that feed on other organisms
4 base pairs that make up DNA
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine; A+T, C+G
Smallest –> Largest
Nitrogenous base, double helix, chromatid, chromosome, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryote
Eukaryote - nucleus, membrane, large
Prokaryote - no nucleus, no membrane, smaller
Feedback regulation
Response to stimulus
amount of product regulates process as a whole
Positive vs negative feedback
positive - end process speeds up process
negative - response/ amount of product will slow down process as a whole
Evolution account for the ___ and ___ of life
unity, diversity
Did we evolve from monkeys?
No! common ancestor
Three domains of life:
bacteria, archea, eukarya
4 subgroups: plants, fungi, animals, protists(most diverse and numerous)
Inductive vs. deductive reasoning
inductive - large number of specific observations -> generalization
deductive - general premise -> specific predictions
independent variable
manipulated by only the researcher
dependent variable
variable affected by change in independent variable.
Name for humans?
Homo sapiens
Naming system to name species
binomial naming system 1.Genus 2.Species name
Darwins observations
- Overproduction
- Adaptation
- Variation
Natural Selection
individuals with traits that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
Do individuals or populations evolve?
populations
what was the 2010 Hopi Hoekstra Beach Mouse Experiment? Hypothesis? Dependent variable? Independent variable? Conclusion?
Island - darker environment
Beach - lighter environment
hypothesis: mice were better suited for their environment were more likely to survive
Independent: color of mice, black or white
dependent: how many were prayed on, survival rate
conclusion: correct!
A theory in the context of science
- summary of multiple hypothesis tested
- must be supported by a significant amount of evidence
- general enough that it can lead to a new hypothesis
a trait to be inheritable
inherited from parents, genetic link
Define science and inquiry
science: “to know”
inquiry: the search for information
Goal of technology in science
Storage and access of data, repetition
Controlled experiment
experimental group that you can compare to a control group
What do a compound properties depend on?
atoms and how they are bonded together
The number of __ determines an atoms identity
protons
___ is anything that takes up space and has mass
matter
Element
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
Compound
A substance containing two or more elements
The four major elements make up __% of matter
96
Four major elemnts
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
Neutrons, protons, electrons
Neutrons- neutral charge, in nucleus
protons - positive charge, in nucleus
electrons - negative charge, orbitals
Emergent properties
compound has characteristics that are different from elements it is made of
How do protons, neutrons, electrons vary?
protons - different element
neutrons - isotopes
electrons - ion (cation or anion)
is a trace element essential?
yes - required by an organism in any quantity
smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
atom
sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
atomic mass, mass number
locate din the outermost shell of an atom
valence electrons
contain different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
What can radioactive tracers be used for?
Diagnostic tools in medicine, imagery tools (PET), track atoms through metabolism
Covalent bonds
sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. nonmetal and nonmetal
Ionic bonds
Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other
Hydrogen bond
covalent bond with electronegative atom that is also attracted to another electronegative atom
Van Der Waals bond
attractions between molecules that are close together
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2+6H20–>C6H12O6+6O2
carbon + water –> glucose + oxygen
___ allows water molecules to bind to surfaces
adhesion
__ is a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
surface tension
___ substances have an affinity to water
Hydrophilic
Do acids increase or decrease the H+ concentration in a solution?
increase
Carbon can form __ ___ bonds?
4, covalent
water molecules are ___ covalent bonds
polar
The bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen of __ water molecules is called a ____
2, hydrogen bond
Four emergent properties of water
- Cohesion
- Moderation of temperature
- Expansion upon freezing
- Versatility as a solvent
Solvent
Dissolving agent in a solution
Solute
Substance that is dissolved
Solution
a liquid that is completely homogeneous
Acids and Bases
Acids - PH<7 - substance that increases h+ and decreases OH- in a solution
Bases - PH>7 - substance that decreases h+ and increases OH- in a solution
Specific Heat
The amount of heat that must be lost or gained for a substance to change by 1 degree C
water = high specific heat
Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
Hydrophobic - molecules that can’t dissolve in water
Hydrophilic- molecules that can dissolve in water, will dissolve more easily in water
Molecular mass and molarity
Molecular mass: sum of masses of all atoms in a molecule
Molarity: the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution, moles
What are buffers?
solutions that minimize changes in concentrations of of OH- and H+
One mole =
6.02x10^23
Polar covalent
A polar covalent bond exists when atoms with different electro-negativities share electrons in a covalent bond
Hydrogen bonds
bonds between water molecules
Organic Chemistry
study of organic compounds containing carbon
Has 6 electrons, 2 in first shell, 4 in second shell
Carbon
The number of covalent bonds an atom can form
4
Isomers
Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties
Functional Groups
specific chemical groups that have certain properties that cause them to participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way
The major elements of life
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons
ATP
an organic molecule that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes
The main component of all organic compounds
Carbon
What was Miller’s experiment
- He sent an electrical charge through a flask of a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water. This created organic compounds including amino acids.
- The Miller-Urey experiment provided the first evidence that organic molecules needed for life could be formed from inorganic components.
Element
unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions
Compound
a substance that consists of two or more elements in a unique composition
Salt
The neutral ionic compound formed by chemical combination of acid and base, or through neutralization.
Molecule
An extremely small particle or substance, especially at cellular or structural level
Is water a compound or molecule?
Both
What are atoms composed of?
protons, neutrons and electrons
Why is buffering important?
Buffering is important in living systems as a means of maintaining a fairly constant internal environment, also known as homeostasis.
How can fish survive in frozen lakes?
Ice is less dense than liquid water
Intramolecular vs Intermolecular
- Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Covalent and ionic
- Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules. van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds
Can a non polar molecule dissolve in water
Non-polar compounds do not dissolve in water
5 Unifying Themes of Biology
- organization
- information
- energy and matter
- interactions
- evolution
Distinctive properties of organic molecules depends on the___ ____ and the chemical groups attached to it
Carbon skeleton
___ and ___ are both steroids with a common carbon skeleton, in the form of fused rings
esteroid and testosterone
Structural Isomer
different covalent arrangements of their atoms
Cis-trans Isomer (geometric)
have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements
Enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other
- pharmaceuticals
Hydroxyl
Alcohol
Carbonyl
ketone aldehyde
Carboxyl
carboxylic acid or organic acid
Amino
amine
sulfhydryl
Thiol
Phosphate
Organic phosphate
Methyl
Methylated compound
ATP
- stores the potential to react with water
- this reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell
- consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
