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biology > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life

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2
Q

Genetic Expression

A

Process that converts gene to cellular product

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3
Q

Genomics

A

Study of sets of genes in one or more species

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4
Q

Systems Biology

A

Interactions among parts of a biological system

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5
Q

Emergent Properties

A

Properties resulting from the arrangement and interactions as complexity increases

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6
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Use of computational tools to process a large amount of data rapidly

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7
Q

Proteomics

A

Study of whole sets of proteins

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8
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that feed on other organisms

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9
Q

4 base pairs that make up DNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine; A+T, C+G

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10
Q

Smallest –> Largest

A

Nitrogenous base, double helix, chromatid, chromosome, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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11
Q

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryote

A

Eukaryote - nucleus, membrane, large

Prokaryote - no nucleus, no membrane, smaller

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12
Q

Feedback regulation

A

Response to stimulus

amount of product regulates process as a whole

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13
Q

Positive vs negative feedback

A

positive - end process speeds up process

negative - response/ amount of product will slow down process as a whole

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14
Q

Evolution account for the ___ and ___ of life

A

unity, diversity

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15
Q

Did we evolve from monkeys?

A

No! common ancestor

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16
Q

Three domains of life:

A

bacteria, archea, eukarya

4 subgroups: plants, fungi, animals, protists(most diverse and numerous)

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17
Q

Inductive vs. deductive reasoning

A

inductive - large number of specific observations -> generalization
deductive - general premise -> specific predictions

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18
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated by only the researcher

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19
Q

dependent variable

A

variable affected by change in independent variable.

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20
Q

Name for humans?

A

Homo sapiens

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21
Q

Naming system to name species

A

binomial naming system 1.Genus 2.Species name

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22
Q

Darwins observations

A
  1. Overproduction
  2. Adaptation
  3. Variation
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23
Q

Natural Selection

A

individuals with traits that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

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24
Q

Do individuals or populations evolve?

A

populations

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25
Q

what was the 2010 Hopi Hoekstra Beach Mouse Experiment? Hypothesis? Dependent variable? Independent variable? Conclusion?

A

Island - darker environment
Beach - lighter environment
hypothesis: mice were better suited for their environment were more likely to survive
Independent: color of mice, black or white
dependent: how many were prayed on, survival rate
conclusion: correct!

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26
Q

A theory in the context of science

A
  • summary of multiple hypothesis tested
  • must be supported by a significant amount of evidence
  • general enough that it can lead to a new hypothesis
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27
Q

a trait to be inheritable

A

inherited from parents, genetic link

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28
Q

Define science and inquiry

A

science: “to know”
inquiry: the search for information

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29
Q

Goal of technology in science

A

Storage and access of data, repetition

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30
Q

Controlled experiment

A

experimental group that you can compare to a control group

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31
Q

What do a compound properties depend on?

A

atoms and how they are bonded together

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32
Q

The number of __ determines an atoms identity

A

protons

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33
Q

___ is anything that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

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34
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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35
Q

Compound

A

A substance containing two or more elements

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36
Q

The four major elements make up __% of matter

A

96

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37
Q

Four major elemnts

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

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38
Q

Neutrons, protons, electrons

A

Neutrons- neutral charge, in nucleus
protons - positive charge, in nucleus
electrons - negative charge, orbitals

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39
Q

Emergent properties

A

compound has characteristics that are different from elements it is made of

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40
Q

How do protons, neutrons, electrons vary?

A

protons - different element
neutrons - isotopes
electrons - ion (cation or anion)

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41
Q

is a trace element essential?

A

yes - required by an organism in any quantity

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42
Q

smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

A

atom

43
Q

sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

A

atomic mass, mass number

44
Q

locate din the outermost shell of an atom

A

valence electrons

45
Q

contain different numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

46
Q

What can radioactive tracers be used for?

A

Diagnostic tools in medicine, imagery tools (PET), track atoms through metabolism

47
Q

Covalent bonds

A

sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. nonmetal and nonmetal

48
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other

49
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

covalent bond with electronegative atom that is also attracted to another electronegative atom

50
Q

Van Der Waals bond

A

attractions between molecules that are close together

51
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6CO2+6H20–>C6H12O6+6O2

carbon + water –> glucose + oxygen

52
Q

___ allows water molecules to bind to surfaces

A

adhesion

53
Q

__ is a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

A

surface tension

54
Q

___ substances have an affinity to water

A

Hydrophilic

55
Q

Do acids increase or decrease the H+ concentration in a solution?

A

increase

56
Q

Carbon can form __ ___ bonds?

A

4, covalent

57
Q

water molecules are ___ covalent bonds

A

polar

58
Q

The bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen of __ water molecules is called a ____

A

2, hydrogen bond

59
Q

Four emergent properties of water

A
  1. Cohesion
  2. Moderation of temperature
  3. Expansion upon freezing
  4. Versatility as a solvent
60
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving agent in a solution

61
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved

62
Q

Solution

A

a liquid that is completely homogeneous

63
Q

Acids and Bases

A

Acids - PH<7 - substance that increases h+ and decreases OH- in a solution
Bases - PH>7 - substance that decreases h+ and increases OH- in a solution

64
Q

Specific Heat

A

The amount of heat that must be lost or gained for a substance to change by 1 degree C
water = high specific heat

65
Q

Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic - molecules that can’t dissolve in water

Hydrophilic- molecules that can dissolve in water, will dissolve more easily in water

66
Q

Molecular mass and molarity

A

Molecular mass: sum of masses of all atoms in a molecule

Molarity: the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution, moles

67
Q

What are buffers?

A

solutions that minimize changes in concentrations of of OH- and H+

68
Q

One mole =

A

6.02x10^23

69
Q

Polar covalent

A

A polar covalent bond exists when atoms with different electro-negativities share electrons in a covalent bond

70
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

bonds between water molecules

71
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

study of organic compounds containing carbon

72
Q

Has 6 electrons, 2 in first shell, 4 in second shell

A

Carbon

73
Q

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form

A

4

74
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

75
Q

Functional Groups

A

specific chemical groups that have certain properties that cause them to participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way

76
Q

The major elements of life

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

77
Q

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

78
Q

ATP

A

an organic molecule that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes

79
Q

The main component of all organic compounds

A

Carbon

80
Q

What was Miller’s experiment

A
  • He sent an electrical charge through a flask of a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water. This created organic compounds including amino acids.
  • The Miller-Urey experiment provided the first evidence that organic molecules needed for life could be formed from inorganic components.
81
Q

Element

A

unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions

82
Q

Compound

A

a substance that consists of two or more elements in a unique composition

83
Q

Salt

A

The neutral ionic compound formed by chemical combination of acid and base, or through neutralization.

84
Q

Molecule

A

An extremely small particle or substance, especially at cellular or structural level

85
Q

Is water a compound or molecule?

A

Both

86
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

87
Q

Why is buffering important?

A

Buffering is important in living systems as a means of maintaining a fairly constant internal environment, also known as homeostasis.

88
Q

How can fish survive in frozen lakes?

A

Ice is less dense than liquid water

89
Q

Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

A
  • Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Covalent and ionic
  • Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules. van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds
90
Q

Can a non polar molecule dissolve in water

A

Non-polar compounds do not dissolve in water

91
Q

5 Unifying Themes of Biology

A
  • organization
  • information
  • energy and matter
  • interactions
  • evolution
92
Q

Distinctive properties of organic molecules depends on the___ ____ and the chemical groups attached to it

A

Carbon skeleton

93
Q

___ and ___ are both steroids with a common carbon skeleton, in the form of fused rings

A

esteroid and testosterone

94
Q

Structural Isomer

A

different covalent arrangements of their atoms

95
Q

Cis-trans Isomer (geometric)

A

have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

96
Q

Enantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other

- pharmaceuticals

97
Q

Hydroxyl

A

Alcohol

98
Q

Carbonyl

A

ketone aldehyde

99
Q

Carboxyl

A

carboxylic acid or organic acid

100
Q

Amino

A

amine

101
Q

sulfhydryl

A

Thiol

102
Q

Phosphate

A

Organic phosphate

103
Q

Methyl

A

Methylated compound

104
Q

ATP

A
  • stores the potential to react with water
  • this reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell
  • consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

biology (6 decks)

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