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biology > Exam IV > Flashcards

Exam IV Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A heritable feature that varies among individuals (such as flower color)

A

Character

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2
Q

Each variant for a character, such as purple or white color for flowers is called a

A

trait

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3
Q

plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

A

true-breeding

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4
Q

In a typical experiment, Mendel mated two contrasting, true-breeding varieties, a process called

A

hybridization

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5
Q

The true-breeding parents are called the

A

P generation

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6
Q

The hybrid offspring of the P generation are called the

A

F1 generation

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7
Q

When F1individuals self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1hybrids, the ___ is produced

A

F2 generation

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8
Q

alternative versions of a gene are called

A

alleles

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9
Q

Each gene resides at a specific ___ on a specific chromosome

A

locus

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10
Q

if the two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the _______, determines the organism’s appearance

A

dominant allele

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11
Q

the ____, has no noticeable effect on appearance

A

recessive allele

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12
Q

the law of segregation:

A

the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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13
Q

Possible combinations of sperm and egg can be shown using a ______

A

Punnett square

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14
Q

An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is called a

A

homozygote (PP, or pp).

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15
Q

An organism with two different alleles for a gene is a ____

A

heterozygote (Pp)

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16
Q

we distinguish between an organism’s ___, or physical appearance, and its ___, or genetic makeup

A

phenotype, genotype

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17
Q

To determine the genotype we can carry out a _____: breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual

A

testcross

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18
Q

The F1offspring produced in this cross were ____, meaning that they were heterozygous for one character

A

monohybrids

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19
Q

A cross between such heterozygotes is called a

A

monohybrid cross

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20
Q

Crossing two true-breeding parents differing in two characters produces ___ in the F1 generation

A

dihybrids

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21
Q

a ____, a cross between F1 dihybrids, can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring together as a unit or independently

A

dihybrid cross

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22
Q

each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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23
Q

The _____ states that the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities

A

multiplication rule

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24
Q

The ______ states that the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities

A

addition rule

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25
Q

occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

A

Complete dominance

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26
Q

the phenotype of F1hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

A

Incomplete dominance

27
Q

two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

Codominance

28
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

a fatal inherited disorder; a dysfunctional enzyme causes an accumulation of lipids in the brain

29
Q

Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called ____

A

pleiotropy

30
Q

In ____, expression of a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

A

epistasis

31
Q

Quantitative characters

A

those that vary in the population along a continuum

32
Q

Quantitative variation usually indicates ____, an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

A

polygenic inheritance

33
Q

Traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences are called

A

multifactorial

34
Q

a family tree that describes the inheritance of a trait across generations

A

pedigree

35
Q

____ are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

A

carriers

36
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States, striking one out of every 2,500 people of European descent

37
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A
  • It is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells
  • In homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is abnormal (sickle-cell)
38
Q

Huntington’s disease

A
  • a degenerative disease of the nervous system

- The disease has no obvious phenotypic effects until the individual is about 35 to 40 years of age

39
Q

In _____, the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested for certain genetic disorders

A

amniocentesis

40
Q

In ______, a sample of the placenta is removed and tested

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

41
Q

Around 1902, Sutton and Boveri and others independently noted these parallels and began to develop the

A

chromosome theory of inheritance

42
Q

Traits alternative to the wild type are called

A

mutant phenotypes

43
Q

A gene that is located on either sex chromosome is called a

A

sex-linked gene

44
Q

Genes on the X chromosome are called _____; the human X chromosome contains about 1,100 genes

A

X-linked genes

45
Q

Some disorders caused by recessive alleles on the X chromosome in humans:

A

–Color blindness (mostly X-linked)
–Duchennemuscular dystrophy
–Hemophilia

46
Q

The inactive X condenses into a

A

Barr body

47
Q

Genes that are located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together and are called

A

linked genes

48
Q

the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent

A

genetic recombination

49
Q

Offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parental (P) phenotypes are called

A

parental types

50
Q

Offspring with non-parental phenotypes (new combinations of traits) are called

A

recombinant types, or recombinants

51
Q

an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

A

genetic map

52
Q

a genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies

A

linkage map

53
Q

Distances between genes can be expressed as _____; one map unit represents a 1% recombination frequency

A

map units

54
Q

In _______, pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis

A

nondisjunction

55
Q

____ results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred

A

Aneuploidy

56
Q

A _____ zygote has only one copy of a particular chromosome

A

monosomic

57
Q

A____ zygote has three copies of a particular chromosome

A

trisomic

58
Q

_____ is a condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes

A

Polyploidy
•Polyploidy is common in plants, but not animals
•Polyploids are more normal in appearance than aneuploids

59
Q

removes a chromosomal fragment

A

deletion

60
Q

repeats a segment

A

duplication

61
Q

reverses orientation of a segment within a chromosome

A

inversion

62
Q

moves a segment from one chromosome to another

A

Translocation

63
Q

is an aneuploid condition that results from three copies of chromosome 21

A

Down syndrome

64
Q

For a few mammalian traits, the phenotype depends on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. Such variation in phenotype is called ______

A

genomic imprinting

biology (6 decks)

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