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Exam II Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

A

Polymer

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2
Q

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.

A

monomer

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3
Q

The most important large molecules found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A

macromolecules

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4
Q

Specialized macromolecules that increase the frequency of chemical reactions.

A

catalyst

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5
Q

A reaction in which two molecules are disassembled by addition of H2O.

A

Dehydration Reaction

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6
Q

A hydrocarbon chain of a fat that has no double bonds, making fats solid at room temperature.

A

saturated fat

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7
Q

This hydrocarbon chain has one or more double bonds, making fats liquid at room temperature.

A

unsaturated fat

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8
Q

Condensation Reaction

aka Dehydration Reaction

A

two monomers covalently bond to one another with the loss of a water molecule

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9
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

chemical breakdown of a molecule due to reaction with water

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10
Q

What are the four important classes of biological molecules? Which of these are polymers and which are not?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Nucleic Acid
  3. Lipids - not a polymer
  4. Carbohydrates
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11
Q

Macromolecules

A

A large polymer

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12
Q

Monomer

A

building blocks for polymers

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13
Q

polymer

A

a chain made of monomers

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14
Q

Monomers for carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

A

carbs - monosaccharides
protein - amino acids
nucleic acid - nucleotide

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide - simplest

starch - polysaccharide responsible for storage in plants. monomer = glucose

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16
Q

glycogen

A

storage molecule in animals

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17
Q

Disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides bonded through a dehydration reaction

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18
Q

Fats

A
  • glycerol and three fatty acids -> triglycerol or triglyceride
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19
Q

saturated fats

A

no double bonds, more H atoms

solid

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20
Q

unsaturated fats

A

one or more double bonds

liquid at room temp

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21
Q

phospholipid

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate attached to a glycerol
- hydrophobic: two fatty acid tails
Hydrophilic: phosphate head

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22
Q

steroid

A

lipids made of four fused rings, carbon skeleton.

ex. cholesterol, component of animal cell membrane, impact fluidity

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23
Q

proteins

polypeptides

A
  • unbranched polymer built from amino acid

- one or more polypeptide chains to make a protein

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24
Q

there are ___ amino acids

A

20
3 same groups - hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino group
R group - give characteristics

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25
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond between monosaccharides

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26
Q

This macromolecule consists of simple sugars and polymers of sugars.

A

carbohydrates

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27
Q

The monomers of carbohydrates are simple sugars.

A

Monosaccharide

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28
Q

The most common monosaccharide, is of central importance in the chemistry of life.

A

glucose

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29
Q

The large biological molecule that does not include true polymers and are very hydrophobic.

A

lipids

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30
Q

A molecule that has a long carbon skeleton and connects to a glycerol to make a fat.

A

fatty acid

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31
Q

steroids

A

lipids consisting of a carbon skeleton and four fused rings

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32
Q

Is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

A

protein

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33
Q

unbranched polymers built from amino acids

A

polypeptides

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34
Q

Also called the side chain, this variable group differs with each amino acid.

A

R Group

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35
Q

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction.

A

Catalysts

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36
Q

Covalent bonds that further reinforce the shape of a tertiary structure in polypeptides.

A

Disulfide Bridge

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37
Q

Compounds that make up DNA molecules with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous base.

A

Nucleic Acid

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38
Q

Enzymatic Proetins

A

Regulates metabolism and other chemical reactions by acting as a catalyst

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39
Q

Defensive Proteins

A

proteins that protect against diseases

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40
Q

storage proteins

A

proteins that store amino acids

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41
Q

Transport proteins

A

Transport substances

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42
Q

Hormonal proteins

A

Coordination of an organisms hormonal activities

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43
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

responds to chemical stimuli

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44
Q

contractile and motor proteins

A

movement

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45
Q

structural proteins

A

support

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46
Q

nonpolar

A

hydrocarbon chains

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47
Q

polar

A

uncharged electronegative atom

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48
Q

acidic

A

negative charge on an electronegative atom

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49
Q

basic

A

positive charge on an electronegative atom

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50
Q

Primary level

A

unique sequence of amino acids

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51
Q

secondary structure

A

coils and folds of polypeptide chains

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52
Q

Tertiary structure

A

interactions among various side chains

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53
Q

Quaternary structure

A

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

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54
Q

What factors can affect protein folding

A

heat, mechanical agitation, PH, salt concentrations

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55
Q

DNA

A

double stranded
double helix
deoxyribose
ATGC

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56
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded
AUGC
ribose

57
Q

Purines

A

AG

58
Q

Pyrimidines

A

TUC

59
Q

A type of microscopy that shoots electrons at a specimen in order to produce an image.

A

Transmission Electron microscope

60
Q

organelles are suspended in this system

A

cytosol

61
Q

This ratio determines the size of the cell.

A

surface to volume ratio

62
Q

The nucleus is enclosed by the

A

nuclear envelope

63
Q

The complex made up of DNA and proteins

A

chromatin

64
Q

The site of rRNA synthesis.

A

Nucleoid

65
Q

The site of protein synthesis.

A

ribosome

66
Q

Consists of the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.

A

Endomembrane system

67
Q

Stores calcium and synthesizes lipids

A

smooth ER

68
Q

Modifies polypeptide chains after they leave the ribosome.

A

Rough ER

69
Q

Packages, exports, and modifies proteins received from the ER.

A

Golgi apparatus

70
Q

The lysosome is a digestive enzyme that recycles old organelles and organic material through a process known as

A

autophagy

71
Q

This central organelle in plants helps maintain water in cell

A

central vacuole

72
Q

Light Microscope

A

visible light through specimen and then through glass lens

73
Q

used to study sub cellular structures

A

Electron Microscope

74
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopes:

A

focuses electrons on specimen and then the image looks 3D

75
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopes:

A

focuses electrons through the specimen

76
Q

Magnification

A

Ratio of an images size

77
Q

Resolution

A

Measure of clarity of an image

78
Q

contrast

A

visible differences in brightness between parts of a sample

79
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

process that takes a cell apart and analyzes the organelles

80
Q

Nucleus

A
  • makes DNA

- enclosed by nuclear envelope, lipid bilayer

81
Q

plasma membrane

A

made of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
- selective barrier

  • oxygen, waste, water, nutrients
82
Q

Ribosomes

A

makes proteins

free floating outside of nucleus

83
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

sorts and transports modified products through vesicles

84
Q

lysosome

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

- digest macromolecules

85
Q

Mitochondria/Chloroplast

A

m: cellular respiration
c: photosynthesis

86
Q

Ectoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth: synthesize lipids, store calcium
Rough: distributes transport vesicles, membrane factory if cell

87
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Remove hydrogen to oxygen

- produces hydrogen peroxide

88
Q

Vacuoles

A

derived from ER and golgi apparatus

89
Q

Endomembrane System responsible for?

A
  • organization
  • regulate traffic
  • perform metabolic function
90
Q

Microtubles

A

thickest

  • support
  • mobility
91
Q

microfilaments

A

thinnest

  • contraction
  • cytoplasmic streaming
  • cell division
92
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • middle sized

- coiled into cables

93
Q

microfilaments

A

form a cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell shape

94
Q

Tight Junctions

A

membranes pressed together to prevent leakage

95
Q

desmosomes

A

fasten cells together in strong sheets

96
Q

Gap junctions (communicating)

A

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

97
Q

Prokaryotic

A
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • bacteria and archaea
  • DNA in nucleotide
98
Q

Eukaryotic

A
  • nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles
  • larger than prokaryotic cells
99
Q

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytosol
  • ribosomes
  • chromosomes
100
Q

Metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.

A

catabolic pathway

101
Q

Metabolic pathway that absorbs energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.

A

anabolic pathway

102
Q

Energy associated with relative motion of objects.

A

kinetic energy

103
Q

The potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.

A

chemical energy

104
Q

Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

A

thermal energy

105
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy can be transferred or transformed but cannot be created nor destroyed

106
Q

A measure of molecular disorder, or randomness.

A

entropy

107
Q

the portion of the systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

A

Free energy

108
Q

free energy __ when a reaction is pushed away from equilibrium

A

increases

109
Q

free energy __ when a reaction is pushed toward equilibrium

A

decreases

110
Q

a reaction that is spontaneous and proceeds with a net release of energy

A

exergonic

111
Q

a reaction that is non spontaneous and absorbs free energy

A

endergonic

112
Q

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic process

A

energy coupling

113
Q

potential energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

114
Q

study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

A

thermodynamics

115
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe

116
Q

the portion of a systems energy that can perform work

A

Free energy

117
Q

Delta G

Free Energy

A

Negative (-) - spontaneous, exergonic, stable

Positive (+) - non spontaneous, endergonic, unstable

118
Q 
Delta S
(Entropy = Disorder)
A

Negative (-) - non spontaneous, endergonic, unstable

Positive (+) - spontaneous, exergonic, stable

119
Q 
Delta H
(enthalpy=heat)
A

Negative (-) - spontaneous, exergonic, stable

Positive (+) - non spontaneous, endergonic, unstable

120
Q

Energy enters ecosystem as _____________________ and ultimately leaves as ________________.

A

light, heat

121
Q

Photosynthesis:

A

6Co2 + H2O + light = O2 + C6H12O6

waste products = oxygen, glucose

122
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 = 6Co2 + H2O + ATP

waste: carbon dioxide, water

123
Q

Catabolic pathways yield _____________ by __________________ (stripping electrons from) organic fuels.

A

energy, oxidizing

124
Q

Reducing Agent

A
  • electron donor, releases the electron acceptor

- addition of a electrons to a substance

125
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A
  • The electron acceptor, oxidizes electron donor

- loss of electrons

126
Q

electron carriers

A

alternate between oxidized and reduced states as they accept and donate electrons

127
Q

Fermentation:

A

partial degradation of sugars without oxygen

128
Q

Aerobic Respiration:

A

consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP

129
Q

Glycolysis

A

breaks down molecules into two molecules of pyruvate

130
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle (aka KrebsCycle):

A

oxidizes fuel generated by glycolysis and produces 1ATP 3NADH 1FADH2 = X2 per glucose 2CO2 = waste

131
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

A

Reaction that produces 90% of the ATP from ADP

Uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

132
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • occurs in the cytosol
  • 2 major phases:
  • energy investment - 2 ATP are used to split glucose into 2 three carbon sugar molecules
  • energy payoff - 4 ATP are synthesized, 2 NAD+ are reduced to NADH, the small sugars are oxidized to form two pyruvate
  • net: 2 ATP
  • Doesn’t need O2 to start
  • Doesn’t release CO2
133
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

A

pyruvate converted to Acetyl COA before entering the citric acid cycle

134
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes three reaction:

A
  1. oxidizes carboxyl
  2. NAD+ -> NADH
  3. combination of 2c fragment with CoA to to form acetyl CoA
135
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Products: 1ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2 per pyruvate

  • 2co2 is a waste product
  • occurs twice per glucose
  • occurs inside mitochondria
  • NADH carries electrons to ETC
136
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • inner membrane of mitochondia
    cristae helps increase surface area of ETC
  • donation of electrons powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation
  • O2 is used to form H2O
137
Q

ETC prokaryotes

A
  • embedded in plasma membrane

- no ATP produced

138
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
  • energy coupling mechanism used to produce ATP
  • Free energy used to pump H+ across membrane through ATP synthesase
  • moves to bind to rotor of ATP synthesase
    H+ drives cellular work
    90%
    30-32 ATP molecules

biology (6 decks)

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