Exam II Flashcards
1
Q
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
A
Polymer
2
Q
The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.
A
monomer
3
Q
The most important large molecules found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
A
macromolecules
4
Q
Specialized macromolecules that increase the frequency of chemical reactions.
A
catalyst
5
Q
A reaction in which two molecules are disassembled by addition of H2O.
A
Dehydration Reaction
6
Q
A hydrocarbon chain of a fat that has no double bonds, making fats solid at room temperature.
A
saturated fat
7
Q
This hydrocarbon chain has one or more double bonds, making fats liquid at room temperature.
A
unsaturated fat
8
Q
Condensation Reaction
aka Dehydration Reaction
A
two monomers covalently bond to one another with the loss of a water molecule
9
Q
Hydrolysis Reaction
A
chemical breakdown of a molecule due to reaction with water
10
Q
What are the four important classes of biological molecules? Which of these are polymers and which are not?
A
- Protein
- Nucleic Acid
- Lipids - not a polymer
- Carbohydrates
11
Q
Macromolecules
A
A large polymer
12
Q
Monomer
A
building blocks for polymers
13
Q
polymer
A
a chain made of monomers
14
Q
Monomers for carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
A
carbs - monosaccharides
protein - amino acids
nucleic acid - nucleotide
15
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharide - simplest
starch - polysaccharide responsible for storage in plants. monomer = glucose
16
Q
glycogen
A
storage molecule in animals
17
Q
Disaccharide
A
two monosaccharides bonded through a dehydration reaction
18
Q
Fats
A
- glycerol and three fatty acids -> triglycerol or triglyceride
19
Q
saturated fats
A
no double bonds, more H atoms
solid
20
Q
unsaturated fats
A
one or more double bonds
liquid at room temp
21
Q
phospholipid
A
two fatty acids and a phosphate attached to a glycerol
- hydrophobic: two fatty acid tails
Hydrophilic: phosphate head
22
Q
steroid
A
lipids made of four fused rings, carbon skeleton.
ex. cholesterol, component of animal cell membrane, impact fluidity
23
Q
proteins
polypeptides
A
- unbranched polymer built from amino acid
- one or more polypeptide chains to make a protein
24
Q
there are ___ amino acids
A
20
3 same groups - hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino group
R group - give characteristics
25
Glycosidic linkage
covalent bond between monosaccharides
26
This macromolecule consists of simple sugars and polymers of sugars.
carbohydrates
27
The monomers of carbohydrates are simple sugars.
Monosaccharide
28
The most common monosaccharide, is of central importance in the chemistry of life.
glucose
29
The large biological molecule that does not include true polymers and are very hydrophobic.
lipids
30
A molecule that has a long carbon skeleton and connects to a glycerol to make a fat.
fatty acid
31
steroids
lipids consisting of a carbon skeleton and four fused rings
32
Is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.
protein
33
unbranched polymers built from amino acids
polypeptides
34
Also called the side chain, this variable group differs with each amino acid.
R Group
35
chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction.
Catalysts
36
Covalent bonds that further reinforce the shape of a tertiary structure in polypeptides.
Disulfide Bridge
37
Compounds that make up DNA molecules with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous base.
Nucleic Acid
38
Enzymatic Proetins
Regulates metabolism and other chemical reactions by acting as a catalyst
39
Defensive Proteins
proteins that protect against diseases
40
storage proteins
proteins that store amino acids
41
Transport proteins
Transport substances
42
Hormonal proteins
Coordination of an organisms hormonal activities
43
Receptor Proteins
responds to chemical stimuli
44
contractile and motor proteins
movement
45
structural proteins
support
46
nonpolar
hydrocarbon chains
47
polar
uncharged electronegative atom
48
acidic
negative charge on an electronegative atom
49
basic
positive charge on an electronegative atom
50
Primary level
unique sequence of amino acids
51
secondary structure
coils and folds of polypeptide chains
52
Tertiary structure
interactions among various side chains
53
Quaternary structure
results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
54
What factors can affect protein folding
heat, mechanical agitation, PH, salt concentrations
55
DNA
double stranded
double helix
deoxyribose
ATGC
56
RNA
Single stranded
AUGC
ribose
57
Purines
AG
58
Pyrimidines
TUC
59
A type of microscopy that shoots electrons at a specimen in order to produce an image.
Transmission Electron microscope
60
organelles are suspended in this system
cytosol
61
This ratio determines the size of the cell.
surface to volume ratio
62
The nucleus is enclosed by the
nuclear envelope
63
The complex made up of DNA and proteins
chromatin
64
The site of rRNA synthesis.
Nucleoid
65
The site of protein synthesis.
ribosome
66
Consists of the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
Endomembrane system
67
Stores calcium and synthesizes lipids
smooth ER
68
Modifies polypeptide chains after they leave the ribosome.
Rough ER
69
Packages, exports, and modifies proteins received from the ER.
Golgi apparatus
70
The lysosome is a digestive enzyme that recycles old organelles and organic material through a process known as
autophagy
71
This central organelle in plants helps maintain water in cell
central vacuole
72
Light Microscope
visible light through specimen and then through glass lens
73
used to study sub cellular structures
Electron Microscope
74
Scanning Electron Microscopes:
focuses electrons on specimen and then the image looks 3D
75
Transmission Electron Microscopes:
focuses electrons through the specimen
76
Magnification
Ratio of an images size
77
Resolution
Measure of clarity of an image
78
contrast
visible differences in brightness between parts of a sample
79
What is cell fractionation?
process that takes a cell apart and analyzes the organelles
80
Nucleus
- makes DNA
| - enclosed by nuclear envelope, lipid bilayer
81
plasma membrane
made of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
- selective barrier
- oxygen, waste, water, nutrients
82
Ribosomes
makes proteins
| free floating outside of nucleus
83
Golgi Apparatus
sorts and transports modified products through vesicles
84
lysosome
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
| - digest macromolecules
85
Mitochondria/Chloroplast
m: cellular respiration
c: photosynthesis
86
Ectoplasmic reticulum
Smooth: synthesize lipids, store calcium
Rough: distributes transport vesicles, membrane factory if cell
87
Peroxisomes
Remove hydrogen to oxygen
| - produces hydrogen peroxide
88
Vacuoles
derived from ER and golgi apparatus
89
Endomembrane System responsible for?
- organization
- regulate traffic
- perform metabolic function
90
Microtubles
thickest
- support
- mobility
91
microfilaments
thinnest
- contraction
- cytoplasmic streaming
- cell division
92
intermediate filaments
- middle sized
| - coiled into cables
93
microfilaments
form a cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell shape
94
Tight Junctions
membranes pressed together to prevent leakage
95
desmosomes
fasten cells together in strong sheets
96
Gap junctions (communicating)
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
97
Prokaryotic
- no nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- bacteria and archaea
- DNA in nucleotide
98
Eukaryotic
- nucleus
- membrane bound organelles
- larger than prokaryotic cells
99
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
- plasma membrane
- cytosol
- ribosomes
- chromosomes
100
Metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.
catabolic pathway
101
Metabolic pathway that absorbs energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.
anabolic pathway
102
Energy associated with relative motion of objects.
kinetic energy
103
The potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
chemical energy
104
Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
thermal energy
105
First Law of Thermodynamics
energy can be transferred or transformed but cannot be created nor destroyed
106
A measure of molecular disorder, or randomness.
entropy
107
the portion of the systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
Free energy
108
free energy __ when a reaction is pushed away from equilibrium
increases
109
free energy __ when a reaction is pushed toward equilibrium
decreases
110
a reaction that is spontaneous and proceeds with a net release of energy
exergonic
111
a reaction that is non spontaneous and absorbs free energy
endergonic
112
the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic process
energy coupling
113
potential energy
potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
114
study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
thermodynamics
115
Second law of thermodynamics
every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe
116
the portion of a systems energy that can perform work
Free energy
117
Delta G
| Free Energy
Negative (-) - spontaneous, exergonic, stable
| Positive (+) - non spontaneous, endergonic, unstable
118
```
Delta S
(Entropy = Disorder)
```
Negative (-) - non spontaneous, endergonic, unstable
| Positive (+) - spontaneous, exergonic, stable
119
```
Delta H
(enthalpy=heat)
```
Negative (-) - spontaneous, exergonic, stable
| Positive (+) - non spontaneous, endergonic, unstable
120
Energy enters ecosystem as _____________________ and ultimately leaves as ________________.
light, heat
121
Photosynthesis:
6Co2 + H2O + light = O2 + C6H12O6
| waste products = oxygen, glucose
122
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 = 6Co2 + H2O + ATP
| waste: carbon dioxide, water
123
Catabolic pathways yield _____________ by __________________ (stripping electrons from) organic fuels.
energy, oxidizing
124
Reducing Agent
- electron donor, releases the electron acceptor
| - addition of a electrons to a substance
125
Oxidizing Agent
- The electron acceptor, oxidizes electron donor
| - loss of electrons
126
electron carriers
alternate between oxidized and reduced states as they accept and donate electrons
127
Fermentation:
partial degradation of sugars without oxygen
128
Aerobic Respiration:
consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP
129
Glycolysis
breaks down molecules into two molecules of pyruvate
130
Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle (aka KrebsCycle):
oxidizes fuel generated by glycolysis and produces 1ATP 3NADH 1FADH2 = X2 per glucose 2CO2 = waste
131
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
Reaction that produces 90% of the ATP from ADP
| Uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
132
Glycolysis
- occurs in the cytosol
- 2 major phases:
- energy investment - 2 ATP are used to split glucose into 2 three carbon sugar molecules
- energy payoff - 4 ATP are synthesized, 2 NAD+ are reduced to NADH, the small sugars are oxidized to form two pyruvate
- net: 2 ATP
* Doesn't need O2 to start
* Doesn't release CO2
133
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
pyruvate converted to Acetyl COA before entering the citric acid cycle
134
pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes three reaction:
1. oxidizes carboxyl
2. NAD+ -> NADH
3. combination of 2c fragment with CoA to to form acetyl CoA
135
Citric Acid Cycle
Products: 1ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2 per pyruvate
- 2co2 is a waste product
- occurs twice per glucose
- occurs inside mitochondria
- NADH carries electrons to ETC
136
Electron Transport Chain
- inner membrane of mitochondia
cristae helps increase surface area of ETC
- donation of electrons powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation
- O2 is used to form H2O
137
ETC prokaryotes
- embedded in plasma membrane
| - no ATP produced
138
Chemiosmosis
- energy coupling mechanism used to produce ATP
- Free energy used to pump H+ across membrane through ATP synthesase
- moves to bind to rotor of ATP synthesase
H+ drives cellular work
90%
30-32 ATP molecules
