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Unit 1 exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structurally the nervous system is divided into what?

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Functionally the nervous system is divided into what?

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

Efferent (motor) and Afferent (sensory)

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3
Q

Nervous tissue consists of what two cell types?

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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4
Q

Another term for cell body

A

Soma

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5
Q

What two structures branch off the soma?

A

Dendrites

Axons (info Away)

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6
Q

What are myelin layers composed of?

A

Lipid and protein substances

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7
Q

Myelin sheath around some axons increase the velocity of what?

A

Impulse conduction

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8
Q

Neurons communicate with each other where?

A

At synapses

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9
Q

Chemical agents released or secreted by one neuron, which may excite or inhibit another neuron

A

Neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Neuroglia are how many times more abundant than neurons?

A

Five

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11
Q

Are neuroglia excitable, or non-excitable?

A

Non-excitable

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12
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

Major component of nervous tissue, supporting, insulating, and nourishing the neurons

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13
Q

What neuroglia cells are from the CNS?

A

Oligodendroglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia

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14
Q

What cells secrete CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

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15
Q

What neuroglia cells are in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann (neurolemma) cells

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16
Q

What specific location are satellite cells found?

A

Around the neurons in the dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia

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17
Q

What are the principal roles of the CNS?

A

Integrate and Coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals as well as to carry out higher functions

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18
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons/dendrites) connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of CNS

A

Tracts

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20
Q

What structure is purely white matter?

A

Corpus callosum

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21
Q

What constitutes gray matter?

A

Nerve cell bodies

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22
Q

The interconnecting fiber tract system forms what?

A

White matter

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23
Q

The struts of the H in gray matter are known as what?

A

Horns

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24
Q

What are the membranous layers in the CNS?

A

Pia, arachnoid, and dura mater

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25
Q

The collective term for pia, arachnoid, and dura mater

A

Meninges

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26
Q

What is the innermost meningeal layer?

A

Pia mater

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27
Q

Pia mater intimately covers what?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

CSF is located between what layers?

A

Pia and arachnoid mater

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29
Q

What is the thick, tough external layer?

A

Dura mater

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30
Q

Peripheral nerve fiber consists of what?

A

Axon, neurolemma, and endoneurial connective tissue

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31
Q

This immediately surrounds the axon separating it from other axons.

A

Neurolemma (neurilemma)

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32
Q

In the PNS, neurolemma create two classes of what nerve fibers?

A

Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

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33
Q

Bundle of peripheral nerve fibers

A

Fascicles

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34
Q

Another term for blood vessels that nourish the nerve fibers and their coverings.

A

Vasa nervorum

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35
Q

What are the connective tissue coverings that support and protect the peripheral nerves?

A

Endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium

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36
Q

This immediately surrounds the neurolemma cell and axon

A

Endoneurium

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37
Q

A layer of dense connective tissue that provides an effective barrier against penetration of the nerve fibers by foreign substances

A

Perineurium

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38
Q

Thick connective tissue that surrounds and encloses a bundle of fascicles forming the outermost covering

A

Epineurium

39
Q

The epineurium is composed of what structures?

A

Fatty tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatics

40
Q

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

41
Q

These PNS fibers convey neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs and receptors throughout the body

A

Afferent (sensory)

42
Q

These PNS fibers convey neural impulses from the CNS to effector organs

A

Efferent (motor)

43
Q

Peripheral nerves can be what two types?

A

Cranial or Spinal nerves

44
Q

Cranial nerves exit the cranial cavity through this

45
Q

Which CN does not arise from the brain, but rather the superior part of the spinal cord?

A

CN XI spinal accessory

46
Q

The names of this type of ganglion match the name of the CN

A

Sensory ganglia

47
Q

Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as what?

48
Q

The ventral root contains what type of fibers?

A

Efferent (motor)

49
Q

The dorsal root contains what type of fibers?

A

Afferent (sensory)

50
Q

The ventral and dorsal nerve roots unite where?

A

Intervertebral foramen

51
Q

When a ventral and dorsal nerve root unite, what is formed?

A

Mixed spinal nerve

52
Q

A posterior and anterior rami carry what?

A

Both motor and sensory fibers

53
Q

Unilateral area of skin innervated by the fibers of a single spinal nerve

54
Q

Unilateral muscle mass receiving innervations from the fibers of a single spinal nerve

55
Q

Do innervations from cranial nerves or spinal nerves have little overlap in innervation zones of skin?

A

Cranial nerves

56
Q

Which fibers transmit sensations from the body to the CNS?

A

General sensory or general somatic afferent

57
Q

Pain, temp, touch , and pressure are this type of sensations from the skin.

A

Exteroceptive sensations

58
Q

These type of sensations are from muscles, tendons, and joints.

A

Proprioceptive sensations

59
Q

What combines resulting in awareness of the orientation of the body and limbs in space independent of visual input?

A

Proprioceptive sensations and vestibular apparatus of inner ear

60
Q

What type of fibers transmit impulses to skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic motor or general somatic efferent fibers

61
Q

What type of fibers transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations?

A

Visceral sensory or general visceral afferent

62
Q

Visceral afferent fibers measure what specifically?

A

Distension, blood gas and blood pressure levels

63
Q

What type of fibers transmit impulses to smooth, cardiac muscles and glandular tissue?

A

Visceral motor or general visceral efferent

64
Q

Visceral efferent fibers have what two varieties of fibers?

A

Presynaptic and postsynaptic

65
Q

Sensory and visceral fibers in spinal or cranial sensory ganglia are what type of neurons?

A

Pseudounipolar

66
Q

Motor fibers of the PNS are what type of neurons?

A

Multipolar

67
Q

What specific cell bodies are located in the gray matter?

A

Somatic motor and presynaptic visceral motor

68
Q

What specific cell bodies are located in autonomic ganglia?

A

Postsynaptic visceral motor

69
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Smell, sight, hearing, taste, and balance

70
Q

Branchial motor fibers refer to muscle tissue derived from what?

A

Pharyngeal arches in the embryo

71
Q

The somatic motor pathways are composed of what two essential neurons?

A

Upper motor neuron

Lower motor neuron

72
Q

In UMN, where are the cell bodies located?

A

Precentral gyrus (Brodmann #4)

73
Q

Brodmann #4 forms what>

A

Motor homunculus

74
Q

The axons of UMN project caudally through what?

A

Corona radiata and genu of internal capsule

75
Q

Most of UMN terminate where?

A

Brainstem and project bilaterally to synapse with LMN

76
Q

LMN neuronal bodies of cranial nerves are located where?

A

Brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord

77
Q

LMN of spinal nerves are located where?

A

Anterior gray column of spinal cord

78
Q

List 5 clinical manifestations of UMNL

A 
Spastic paralysis
Hyper-reflexia
Hyper-tonicity
Clonus
Positive Babinski sign
79
Q

List 4 clinical manifestations of LMNL

A

Flaccid paralysis
Hypo-reflexia
Hypo-tonicity
Atrophy

80
Q

In regards to somatic motor pathways, what restrains what?

A

UMN restrain LMN

81
Q

Somatic sensory pathway involves at least how many neurons?

82
Q

What are the primary somaesthetic neurons?

A

Pseudounipolar neurons

In sensory ganglion of PNS

83
Q

What are the secondary sensory neurons?

A

Nuclei of termination in the dorsal gray matter of brainstem

84
Q

The secondary sensory neurons join what tract?

A

Spinothalamic

85
Q

What are the tertiary sensory neurons?

A

Located in ventral thalamic nucleus and send fibers through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and then the corona radiata to postcentral gyrus

86
Q

What happens in the postcentral gyrus?

A

Brodmann #1, 2, and 3 conscious interpretation

87
Q

The conscious correlation between motor and sensory pathways and memorization is achieved in the cerebral cortex by what cells?

A

Interneurons and neuroglia

88
Q

Motor or efferent cranial nerves arise from what?

A

Nucleus of origin

89
Q

Sensory or afferent cranial nerves arise from what?

A

Neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia or special sense organs

90
Q

Sensory CN primary somaesthetic neurons are what type?

91
Q

Describe a sensory primary somaesthetic neuron

A

Long peripheral process or dendrite

Short central process or axon

92
Q

Describe a primary special sense neuron

A

Short peripheral

Long central process

93
Q

Mixed CN carry what?

A

Both efferent and afferent neurons

94
Q

What are the minimum requirements of a mixed CN

A

One nucleus of origin
One nucleus of termination
One sensory ganglion

PNS (23 decks)

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