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Unit 1 exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structurally the nervous system is divided into what?

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Functionally the nervous system is divided into what?

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

Efferent (motor) and Afferent (sensory)

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3
Q

Nervous tissue consists of what two cell types?

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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4
Q

Another term for cell body

A

Soma

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5
Q

What two structures branch off the soma?

A

Dendrites

Axons (info Away)

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6
Q

What are myelin layers composed of?

A

Lipid and protein substances

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7
Q

Myelin sheath around some axons increase the velocity of what?

A

Impulse conduction

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8
Q

Neurons communicate with each other where?

A

At synapses

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9
Q

Chemical agents released or secreted by one neuron, which may excite or inhibit another neuron

A

Neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Neuroglia are how many times more abundant than neurons?

A

Five

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11
Q

Are neuroglia excitable, or non-excitable?

A

Non-excitable

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12
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

Major component of nervous tissue, supporting, insulating, and nourishing the neurons

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13
Q

What neuroglia cells are from the CNS?

A

Oligodendroglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia

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14
Q

What cells secrete CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

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15
Q

What neuroglia cells are in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann (neurolemma) cells

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16
Q

What specific location are satellite cells found?

A

Around the neurons in the dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia

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17
Q

What are the principal roles of the CNS?

A

Integrate and Coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals as well as to carry out higher functions

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18
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons/dendrites) connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of CNS

A

Tracts

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20
Q

What structure is purely white matter?

A

Corpus callosum

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21
Q

What constitutes gray matter?

A

Nerve cell bodies

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22
Q

The interconnecting fiber tract system forms what?

A

White matter

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23
Q

The struts of the H in gray matter are known as what?

A

Horns

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24
Q

What are the membranous layers in the CNS?

A

Pia, arachnoid, and dura mater

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25
The collective term for pia, arachnoid, and dura mater
Meninges
26
What is the innermost meningeal layer?
Pia mater
27
Pia mater intimately covers what?
Brain and spinal cord
28
CSF is located between what layers?
Pia and arachnoid mater
29
What is the thick, tough external layer?
Dura mater
30
Peripheral nerve fiber consists of what?
Axon, neurolemma, and endoneurial connective tissue
31
This immediately surrounds the axon separating it from other axons.
Neurolemma (neurilemma)
32
In the PNS, neurolemma create two classes of what nerve fibers?
Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
33
Bundle of peripheral nerve fibers
Fascicles
34
Another term for blood vessels that nourish the nerve fibers and their coverings.
Vasa nervorum
35
What are the connective tissue coverings that support and protect the peripheral nerves?
Endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
36
This immediately surrounds the neurolemma cell and axon
Endoneurium
37
A layer of dense connective tissue that provides an effective barrier against penetration of the nerve fibers by foreign substances
Perineurium
38
Thick connective tissue that surrounds and encloses a bundle of fascicles forming the outermost covering
Epineurium
39
The epineurium is composed of what structures?
Fatty tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatics
40
Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglion
41
These PNS fibers convey neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs and receptors throughout the body
Afferent (sensory)
42
These PNS fibers convey neural impulses from the CNS to effector organs
Efferent (motor)
43
Peripheral nerves can be what two types?
Cranial or Spinal nerves
44
Cranial nerves exit the cranial cavity through this
Foramina
45
Which CN does not arise from the brain, but rather the superior part of the spinal cord?
CN XI spinal accessory
46
The names of this type of ganglion match the name of the CN
Sensory ganglia
47
Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as what?
Rootlets
48
The ventral root contains what type of fibers?
Efferent (motor)
49
The dorsal root contains what type of fibers?
Afferent (sensory)
50
The ventral and dorsal nerve roots unite where?
Intervertebral foramen
51
When a ventral and dorsal nerve root unite, what is formed?
Mixed spinal nerve
52
A posterior and anterior rami carry what?
Both motor and sensory fibers
53
Unilateral area of skin innervated by the fibers of a single spinal nerve
Dermatome
54
Unilateral muscle mass receiving innervations from the fibers of a single spinal nerve
Myotome
55
Do innervations from cranial nerves or spinal nerves have little overlap in innervation zones of skin?
Cranial nerves
56
Which fibers transmit sensations from the body to the CNS?
General sensory or general somatic afferent
57
Pain, temp, touch , and pressure are this type of sensations from the skin.
Exteroceptive sensations
58
These type of sensations are from muscles, tendons, and joints.
Proprioceptive sensations
59
What combines resulting in awareness of the orientation of the body and limbs in space independent of visual input?
Proprioceptive sensations and vestibular apparatus of inner ear
60
What type of fibers transmit impulses to skeletal muscles?
Somatic motor or general somatic efferent fibers
61
What type of fibers transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations?
Visceral sensory or general visceral afferent
62
Visceral afferent fibers measure what specifically?
Distension, blood gas and blood pressure levels
63
What type of fibers transmit impulses to smooth, cardiac muscles and glandular tissue?
Visceral motor or general visceral efferent
64
Visceral efferent fibers have what two varieties of fibers?
Presynaptic and postsynaptic
65
Sensory and visceral fibers in spinal or cranial sensory ganglia are what type of neurons?
Pseudounipolar
66
Motor fibers of the PNS are what type of neurons?
Multipolar
67
What specific cell bodies are located in the gray matter?
Somatic motor and presynaptic visceral motor
68
What specific cell bodies are located in autonomic ganglia?
Postsynaptic visceral motor
69
What are the special senses?
Smell, sight, hearing, taste, and balance
70
Branchial motor fibers refer to muscle tissue derived from what?
Pharyngeal arches in the embryo
71
The somatic motor pathways are composed of what two essential neurons?
Upper motor neuron | Lower motor neuron
72
In UMN, where are the cell bodies located?
Precentral gyrus (Brodmann #4)
73
Brodmann #4 forms what>
Motor homunculus
74
The axons of UMN project caudally through what?
Corona radiata and genu of internal capsule
75
Most of UMN terminate where?
Brainstem and project bilaterally to synapse with LMN
76
LMN neuronal bodies of cranial nerves are located where?
Brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord
77
LMN of spinal nerves are located where?
Anterior gray column of spinal cord
78
List 5 clinical manifestations of UMNL
``` Spastic paralysis Hyper-reflexia Hyper-tonicity Clonus Positive Babinski sign ```
79
List 4 clinical manifestations of LMNL
Flaccid paralysis Hypo-reflexia Hypo-tonicity Atrophy
80
In regards to somatic motor pathways, what restrains what?
UMN restrain LMN
81
Somatic sensory pathway involves at least how many neurons?
Three
82
What are the primary somaesthetic neurons?
Pseudounipolar neurons | In sensory ganglion of PNS
83
What are the secondary sensory neurons?
Nuclei of termination in the dorsal gray matter of brainstem
84
The secondary sensory neurons join what tract?
Spinothalamic
85
What are the tertiary sensory neurons?
Located in ventral thalamic nucleus and send fibers through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and then the corona radiata to postcentral gyrus
86
What happens in the postcentral gyrus?
Brodmann #1, 2, and 3 conscious interpretation
87
The conscious correlation between motor and sensory pathways and memorization is achieved in the cerebral cortex by what cells?
Interneurons and neuroglia
88
Motor or efferent cranial nerves arise from what?
Nucleus of origin
89
Sensory or afferent cranial nerves arise from what?
Neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia or special sense organs
90
Sensory CN primary somaesthetic neurons are what type?
Unipolar
91
Describe a sensory primary somaesthetic neuron
Long peripheral process or dendrite | Short central process or axon
92
Describe a primary special sense neuron
Short peripheral | Long central process
93
Mixed CN carry what?
Both efferent and afferent neurons
94
What are the minimum requirements of a mixed CN
One nucleus of origin One nucleus of termination One sensory ganglion

PNS (23 decks)

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