Unit # 1: Civilizations and Cities Terms

Question 1

Akhenaten

Answer 1

Pharaoh that changed his name and tried to create a monotheistic society who followed Aten, 14th Century BCE, Egypt

Question 2

Aryans

Answer 2

Indo-European migrants who settled India after 1500 BCE, their union with the Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism

Question 3

Axum

Answer 3

African kingdom centered in Ethiopia that became an early and lasting center of Coptic Christianity

Question 4

Brahman

Answer 4

Universal soul in Early Hinduism

Question 5

Caste system

Answer 5

Varna = caste = color, may have caused stability
May have been a distinction into classes because of color
Order (H to L)
Brahmin Priest
Kshatriya Warrior
Vaishya Merchant
Sudra (Commoner) possibly Dravidians

Question 6

Çatal Hüyük

Answer 6

Neolithic society, not a complex society more of a town, around 10,000 - 15,000 people, had some craft-trades: pottery, baskets, artwork, religious practices

Question 7

Chinook society

Answer 7

H&G people that lived in the Pacific Northwest area of the U.S., not nomadic, had a caste system including shaman, warriors, and traders, 3000 - 1850 BCE Fishing, Salmon, whales

Question 8

Complex society

Answer 8

Civilization and cities, surplus of agricultural productions, large settled urban areas, complex division of labor

Question 9

Crowd diseases

Answer 9

Diseases that flourish in crowded populations, occurred once people domesticated animals and lived in closer contact with each other in cities

Question 10

Cult of Osiris

Answer 10

Was slain but all his body parts were gathered together so the Gods allowed him to have immortality, judged other people based on their heaviness of heart (sin) against a feather, first time talking about the next life

Question 11

Dravidians

Answer 11

People that was semi-conquered by Aryan Indians (Indo-European), had a darker skin tone, become the lower class of the caste system

Question 12

Endemic disease

Answer 12

An infectious disease that occurs frequently in a specific geographical area, contained in a population always

Question 13

Epic of Gilgamesh

Answer 13

5th king of Uruk, many special stories told of him being half divine and half human, searched for a way to gain immortality

Question 14

Epidemic disease

Answer 14

Outbreak of a new disease that spreads quickly for a short period of time

Question 15

Founder crops

Answer 15

Crops from somewhere else that have been domesticated already that have to be implanted into a different area for that area to have them

Question 16

Hammurabi

Answer 16

King of the Babylonian empire, he controlled the empire through central taxation, one of his biggest additions to history was his laws

Question 17

Harappans

Answer 17

Highly sophisticated civilizations in Mohenjo-daro India, had different social distinctions, one of the first to have a sewage system

Question 18

Hebrews

Answer 18

Seen to have started with Abraham, monotheistic religion, went into Egypt and left with Moses, had to be continually reminded of the True God

Question 19

Hittites

Answer 19

Society that overcame the Babylonians, big contributions were light-horse drawn chariots and the refinement of iron metallurgy

Question 20

Hominid

Answer 20

Belongs to the same family as Homo sapiens, were a lot shorter with smaller brains

Question 21

Homo sapiens

Answer 21

More formidable than other species like neanderthals because of bipedalism, use of fire, greater vocalization, larger fore brains, ability to manipulate the environment

Question 22

Homogenization of the disease pool

Answer 22

Diseases combined as people interacted more with other societies, different societies got infected with different societies and vice-versa

Question 23

Indo-Europeans

Answer 23

Big group of people that may have been combined then spread out into different societies such as Hittites, Greeks, Medes, Persians, Celts, Aryan, Europe, India
More than half of the world speaks Indo-European languages

Question 24

Magdalenian society

Answer 24

H&G People, hunted reindeer and smoked it for year around food consumption, their needs were met enough that they made amazing cave paintings

Question 25

Monotheism

Answer 25

The belief in one God

Question 26

Natufian society

Answer 26

H&G People, climate good enough that they survived on on wild wheat which they didn’t plant themselves
Eventually conditions changed that they went into AG

Question 27

Neolithic era

Answer 27

New Stone Age which was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture

Question 28

Oracle bones

Answer 28

Hollowed out bones that were used for divination, only done by heating them and then having the priests and kings interpret the cracks

Question 29

Paleolithic (hunter-gatherer) society

Answer 29

Old-stone age, human societies before agriculture

Question 30

Patriarchal society

Answer 30

Social organization marked by the supremacy of the father, women and children are dependent on the male, male makes the main decisions

Question 31

Phoenicians

Answer 31

Society on the Mediterranean that were excellent sailors, influenced society because of maritime trade and communication networks

Question 32

Shang dynasty

Answer 32

This society overcame the Xia dynasty because of different advancements like bronze, chariots, political organization

Question 33

Slaves

Answer 33

Usually people that were conquered by other societies which became subordinates

Question 34

Stratified society

Answer 34

A society in which competing groups have unequal access to power and/or resources, some groups being subordinate to others

Question 35

Upanishads

Answer 35

Believed in the transmigration of the soul (Early Hinduism, reincarnation)

Question 36

Varna

Answer 36

Word used by the Aryans which means “color” in Sanskrit which probably referred to the different social classes

Question 37

Vedas

Answer 37

The sacred practices and teachings of Hinduism, not compiled until a lot later, controlled by the Brahmins

Question 38

Xia dynasty

Answer 38

One of the first societies to try to organize public life in China on a large scale