unit 1 biology long answer topics Flashcards
Heath and safety in the laboratory
- hazards
- risk
- control measures
Liquids and solutions
- linear and log dilutions
- standard curve
- buffers
- colorimetry
Separation techniques
- centrifuge
- paper and thin layer chromatography
- affinity chromatography
- gel electrophoresis
- isoelectric points
Detecting proteins using antibodies
- immunoassay techniques
- western-blotting
Microscopy
- bright-field microscopy
- fluorescent microscopy
Aseptic technique and cell culture
- aseptic technique
- microbial culture
- growth factors
- primary/tumour cell lines
- colony count
- haemocytometer
- vital staining
The proteome
- proteome
- non-coding RNA genes
- factors affecting genes expressed
The synthesis and transport of proteins - intracellular membranes
- internal membranes of eukaryotes
- the endoplasmic reticulum
- the Golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
- vesicles
The synthesis and transport of proteins - synthesis of membrane components
- lipids and proteins
- cytosolic proteins
- signal sequence
The synthesis and transport of proteins - movement of proteins between membranes
- transport from ER to golgi apparatus
- post-translational modification
- vesicle transportation
The synthesis and transport of proteins - the secretory pathway
- secreted proteins
- secretory vesicles
- move to plasma membrane
- proteolytic cleavage
Protein structure, ligand binding and conformational change - amino acid sequence determines protein structure
- polymers
- primary structure
- amino acid structure
- secondary structure
- tertiary structure
- quaternary structure
- prosthetic groups
- haemoglobin
- temperature and pH on R groups
Protein structure, ligand binding and conformational change - ligand binding changes the conformation of a protein
- ligands
- binding sites
- allosteric activity and quaternary structure
- cooperativity and haemoglobin
- modulators
- temperature and pH on haemoglobin
Protein structure, ligand binding and conformational change - reversible binding of phosphate and the control of conformation
- addition/removal of phosphate cause reversible conformational change
- protein kinases
- adding phosphate adds negative charge
Movement of molecules across membranes
- hydrophobic R groups and integral membrane proteins
- transmembrane proteins
- peripheral membrane proteins
- barrier of phospholipid bilayer
- (facilitated) diffusion
- channel and transporter proteins
- ligand/voltage gated
- active transport and ATPases
Ion transport pumps and generation of ion gradients
- electrochemical gradient
- sodium-potassium pump
- small intestine glucose transport
Coordination
- extracellular signalling molecules
- receptors of target molecules
- intracellular pathways
Hydrophobic signals and control of transcription
- hydrophobic signalling molecules
- intracellular receptors/transcription factors
- hormone receptor complex
- hormone response elements
Hydrophilic signals and transducin
- hydrophilic signalling molecules
- transmembrane receptors
- G-proteins/phosphorylation cascades
- peptide hormone insulin
- GLUT-4
- diabetes mellitus
Nerve impulse transmission - generation of a nerve impulse
- resting membrane potential
- action potential
- neurotransmitters
- depolarisation
- adjacent voltage-gated sodium channels open
- sodium-potassium pump restoration
Nerve impulse transmission - initiation of a nerve impulse in response to an environmental stimulus: the vertebrate eye
- the retina
- photoreceptors of the eye
- rod cells
- cone cells
- photoexcited rhodopsin
- phosphodiesterase enzyme
- cGMP
- ion channel closure in membrane of rod cells
The cytoskeleton and cell division
- cytoskeleton and microtubules
- tubulin
The cell cycle
- interphase and mitotic phase
- G1, S, G2
- mitosis and cytokinesis
- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Control of the cell cycle
- checkpoints: G1, G2 and metaphase
- cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases and phosphorylation
- retinoblastoma protein
- DNA damage and p53
- degenerative disease and tumour formation
- proto-oncogene
Control of programmed cell death
- apoptosis
- external death signals and protein cascade
- internal death signal and activation of p53
- caspases
