unit 1 biology long answer topics

Question 1

Heath and safety in the laboratory

Answer 1

• hazards
• risk
• control measures

Question 2

Liquids and solutions

Answer 2

• linear and log dilutions
• standard curve
• buffers
• colorimetry

Question 3

Separation techniques

Answer 3

• centrifuge
• paper and thin layer chromatography
• affinity chromatography
• gel electrophoresis
• isoelectric points

Question 4

Detecting proteins using antibodies

Answer 4

• immunoassay techniques
• western-blotting

Question 5

Microscopy

Answer 5

• bright-field microscopy
• fluorescent microscopy

Question 6

Aseptic technique and cell culture

Answer 6

• aseptic technique
• microbial culture
• growth factors
• primary/tumour cell lines
• colony count
• haemocytometer
• vital staining

Question 7

The proteome

Answer 7

• proteome
• non-coding RNA genes
• factors affecting genes expressed

Question 8

The synthesis and transport of proteins - intracellular membranes

Answer 8

• internal membranes of eukaryotes
• the endoplasmic reticulum
• the Golgi apparatus
• lysosomes
• vesicles

Question 9

The synthesis and transport of proteins - synthesis of membrane components

Answer 9

• lipids and proteins
• cytosolic proteins
• signal sequence

Question 10

The synthesis and transport of proteins - movement of proteins between membranes

Answer 10

• transport from ER to golgi apparatus
• post-translational modification
• vesicle transportation

Question 11

The synthesis and transport of proteins - the secretory pathway

Answer 11

• secreted proteins
• secretory vesicles
• move to plasma membrane
• proteolytic cleavage

Question 12

Protein structure, ligand binding and conformational change - amino acid sequence determines protein structure

Answer 12

• polymers
• primary structure
• amino acid structure
• secondary structure
• tertiary structure
• quaternary structure
• prosthetic groups
• haemoglobin
• temperature and pH on R groups

Question 13

Protein structure, ligand binding and conformational change - ligand binding changes the conformation of a protein

Answer 13

• ligands
• binding sites
• allosteric activity and quaternary structure
• cooperativity and haemoglobin
• modulators
• temperature and pH on haemoglobin

Question 14

Protein structure, ligand binding and conformational change - reversible binding of phosphate and the control of conformation

Answer 14

• addition/removal of phosphate cause reversible conformational change
• protein kinases
• adding phosphate adds negative charge

Question 15

Movement of molecules across membranes

Answer 15

• hydrophobic R groups and integral membrane proteins
• transmembrane proteins
• peripheral membrane proteins
• barrier of phospholipid bilayer
• (facilitated) diffusion
• channel and transporter proteins
• ligand/voltage gated
• active transport and ATPases

Question 16

Ion transport pumps and generation of ion gradients

Answer 16

• electrochemical gradient
• sodium-potassium pump
• small intestine glucose transport

Question 17

Coordination

Answer 17

• extracellular signalling molecules
• receptors of target molecules
• intracellular pathways

Question 18

Hydrophobic signals and control of transcription

Answer 18

• hydrophobic signalling molecules
• intracellular receptors/transcription factors
• hormone receptor complex
• hormone response elements

Question 19

Hydrophilic signals and transducin

Answer 19

• hydrophilic signalling molecules
• transmembrane receptors
• G-proteins/phosphorylation cascades
• peptide hormone insulin
• GLUT-4
• diabetes mellitus

Question 20

Nerve impulse transmission - generation of a nerve impulse

Answer 20

• resting membrane potential
• action potential
• neurotransmitters
• depolarisation
• adjacent voltage-gated sodium channels open
• sodium-potassium pump restoration

Question 21

Nerve impulse transmission - initiation of a nerve impulse in response to an environmental stimulus: the vertebrate eye

Answer 21

• the retina
• photoreceptors of the eye
• rod cells
• cone cells
• photoexcited rhodopsin
• phosphodiesterase enzyme
• cGMP
• ion channel closure in membrane of rod cells

Question 22

The cytoskeleton and cell division

Answer 22

• cytoskeleton and microtubules
• tubulin

Question 23

The cell cycle

Answer 23

• interphase and mitotic phase
• G1, S, G2
• mitosis and cytokinesis
• prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 24

Control of the cell cycle

Answer 24

• checkpoints: G1, G2 and metaphase
• cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases and phosphorylation
• retinoblastoma protein
• DNA damage and p53
• degenerative disease and tumour formation
• proto-oncogene

Question 25

Control of programmed cell death

Answer 25

- apoptosis - external death signals and protein cascade - internal death signal and activation of p53 - caspases