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definitions for unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is risk?

A

The likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard.

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2
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

Identifying control measures to minimise risk.

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3
Q

What is point count?

A

The observer recording all individuals seen from a fixed point count location.

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4
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The identification and naming of organisms and their classification into groups based on shared characteristics.

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5
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.

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6
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

A diagrammatic hypothesis of its relationships to other organisms

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7
Q

What are model organisms?

A

Those that are either easily studied or have been well studied.

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8
Q

What is latency?

A

The time between the stimulus occurring and the response behaviour.

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9
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period.

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10
Q

What is duration?

A

The length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period.

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11
Q

What is an ethogram?

A

List of species-specific behaviours to be observed and recorded in the study.

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12
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inheritable traits.

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13
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

The non-random process involving the selection of alleles that increase the individual’s chance of mating and producing offspring.

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14
Q

What is male-male rivalry?

A

Large size or weaponry increases access to females through conflict.

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15
Q

What is female choice?

A

Females assessing the fitness of males.

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16
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

When chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next.

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17
Q

What are population bottlenecks?

A

When a population size is reduced for at least one generation.

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18
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

The environmental factors that influence which individuals in a population pass on their alleles.

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19
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) principle state?

A

That, in the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant over the generations.

20
Q

What is fitness?

A

A measure of the tendency of some organisms to produce more surviving
offspring than competing members of the same species.

21
Q

What is absolute fitness?

A

The ratio between the
frequency of individuals of a particular genotype after selection, to those before
selection.

22
Q

What is relative fitness?

A

The ratio of the number of
surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype to the number of
surviving offspring per individual of the most
successful genotype.

23
Q

What is co-evolution?

A

The process by which two or
more species evolve in response to selection
pressures imposed by each other.

24
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Co-evolved intimate relationships between members of two different species.

25
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both organisms in the interaction are interdependent on each other for resources or other services. As both organisms gain from the relationship, the interaction is (+/+).

Parasitism: the parasite benefits in terms of
energy or nutrients and the host is harmed as
the result of the loss of these resources (+/-).

26
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Only one of the organisms benefits (+/0).

27
Q

What is parasitism?

A

The parasite benefits in terms of energy or nutrients and the host is harmed as
the result of the loss of these resources (+/-).

28
Q

What does the Red Queen Hypothesis state?

A

That, in a co-evolutionary relationship, change in the traits of one species can act as a selection pressure on the other species.

29
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Reproduction from a female gamete without fertilisation.

30
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The division of the nucleus that results in the formation of haploid gametes from a diploid gametocyte.

31
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes of the same size, same centromere position and with the same sequence of genes at the same loci.

32
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Those on the same chromosome.

33
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Each pair of homologous chromosomes is positioned independently of the other pairs, irrespective of their maternal and paternal origin.

34
Q

What are hermaphrodites?

A

Species that have functioning male and female reproductive organs in each individual.

35
Q

What is monogamy?

A

The mating of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others.

36
Q

What is polygamy?

A

Individuals of one sex have more than one mate.

37
Q

What is polygyny?

A

One male mates exclusively with a group of females.

38
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female mates with a number of males in the same breeding season.

39
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

A multi-dimensional summary of tolerances and requirements of a species.

40
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

Where the niches of two species are so similar that one declines to local extinction.

41
Q

What is the definitive host?

A

The organism on or in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity.

42
Q

What are viruses?

A

Parasites that can only replicate inside a host cell.

43
Q

What is transmission?

A

The spread of a parasite to a host.

44
Q

What is virulence?

A

The harm caused to a host species by a parasite.

45
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the outbreak and spread of infectious disease.

46
Q

What is the herd immunity threshold?

A

The density of resistant hosts in the population required to prevent an epidemic.

47
Q
A

advanced higher biology (33 decks)

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