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biology - unit 1.1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What can present a hazard?

A

Substances, organisms, and equipment in a laboratory.

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2
Q

What do hazards in the lab include?

A

Toxic or corrosive chemicals, heat or flammable substances, pathogenic organisms, and mechanical equipment.

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3
Q

What is risk?

A

The likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard.

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4
Q

What does risk assessment involve?

A

Identifying control measures to minimise the risk.

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5
Q

What do control measures include?

A

Using appropriate handling techniques, protective clothing and equipment, and aseptic technique.

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6
Q

What do dilutions in a linear dilution series differ by?

A

An equal interval, for example 0·1, 0·2, 0·3 and so on.

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7
Q

What do dilutions in a log dilution series differ by?

A

A constant proportion, for example 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 and so on.

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8
Q

What allows the concentration of an unknown to be determined from the standard curve?

A

Plotting measured values for known concentrations to produce a line or curve.

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9
Q

What do buffers allow?

A

The pH of a reaction mixture to be kept constant, as the addition of acid or alkali has very small effect on the pH of a buffer.

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10
Q

On a colorimeter, what is the use of absorbance?

A

Used to determine concentration of a coloured solution using suitable wavelength filters.

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11
Q

On a colorimeter, what is the use of percentage transmission?

A

Used to determine turbidity, such as cells in suspension.

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12
Q

What is used as a baseline in calibration?

A

Appropriate blank.

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13
Q

What is a centrifuge used for?

A

To separate substances of differing density. More dense components settle in the pellet; less dense components remain in the supernatant.

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14
Q

What can paper and thin layer chromatography be used for?

A

Separating different substances such as amino acids and sugars.

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15
Q

What does the speed that each solute travels along the chromatogram depend on?

A

Its differing solubility in the solvent used.

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16
Q

What is created for affinity chromatography?

A

A solid matrix or gel column with specific molecules bound to the matrix or gel.

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17
Q

What becomes attached to these specific molecules bound to the matrix or gel?

A

Soluble, target proteins in a mixture, with a high affinity for these molecules, become attached to them as the mixture passes down the column. Other non-target molecules with a weaker affinity are washed out.

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18
Q

What does gel electrophoresis do?

A

It helps separate proteins and nucleic acids.

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19
Q

What do charged macromolecules move through?

A

An electric field applied to a gel matrix.

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20
Q

What do native gels do?

A

They separate proteins by their shape, size and charge.

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21
Q

What do native gels do so that separation is by shape, size and charge?

A

They do not denature the molecule.

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22
Q

What does SDS-PAGE do?

A

It separates proteins by size alone.

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23
Q

What does SDS-PAGE give?

A

All the molecules an equally negative charge and denatures them, separating proteins by size alone.

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24
Q

How can proteins be separated from a mixture?

A

Using their isoelectric points (IEPs).

25
Q

What is IEP?

A

The pH at which a soluble protein has no net charge and will precipitate out of solution.

26
Q

If the solution is buffered to a specific pH, what will precipitate?

A

Only the protein(s) that have an IEP of that pH will precipitate.

27
Q

How can proteins also be separated?

A

Using their IEPs in electrophoresis.

28
Q

How can soluble proteins be separated?

A

Using an electric field and a pH gradient.

29
Q

When does a protein stop migrating through the gel?

A

At its IEP in the pH gradient because it has no net charge.

30
Q

What are immunoassay techniques used for?

A

To detect and identify specific proteins.

31
Q

What do these immunoassay techniques use?

A

Stocks of antibodies with the same specificity, known as monoclonal antibodies.

32
Q

What is an antibody specific to the protein antigen linked to?

A

A chemical ‘label’.

33
Q

What is the ‘label’ often?

A

A reporter enzyme producing a colour change, but chemiluminescence, fluorescence and other reporters can be used.

34
Q

In some cases, what does the assay use?

A

A specific antigen to detect the presence of antibodies.

35
Q

What is western blotting?

A

A technique, used after SDS–PAGE electrophoresis.

36
Q

What happens to the separated proteins from the gel?

A

They are transferred (blotted) onto a solid medium.

37
Q

How can the proteins be identified?

A

Using specific antibodies that have reporter enzymes attached.

38
Q

What is bright-field microscopy commonly used for?

A

To observe whole organisms, parts of organisms, thin sections of dissected tissue or individual cells.

39
Q

What does fluorescence microscopy use?

A

Specific fluorescent labels to bind to and visualise certain molecules or structures within cells or tissues.

40
Q

What does aseptic technique eliminate?

A

Unwanted microbial contaminants when culturing micro-organisms or cells.

41
Q

What does aseptic technique involve?

A

The sterilisation of equipment and culture media by heat or chemical means and subsequent exclusion of microbial contaminants.

42
Q

How can a microbial culture be started?

A

Using an inoculum of microbial cells on an agar medium, or in a broth with suitable nutrients.

43
Q

What do many culture media which exist do?

A

They promote the growth of specific types of cells and microbes.

44
Q

Where are animal cells grown?

A

In medium containing growth factors from serum.

45
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation.

46
Q

What are growth factors essential for?

A

The culture of most animal cells.

47
Q

In culture, what can primary cell lines do?

A

They can divide a limited number of times, whereas tumour cells lines can perform unlimited divisions.

48
Q

What does plating out of a liquid microbial culture on solid media allow?

A

The number of colony-forming units to be counted and the density of cells in the culture estimated.

49
Q

What is serial dilution often needed for?

A

To achieve a suitable colony count.

50
Q

What is a haemocytometer used for?

A

To estimate cell numbers in a liquid culture.

51
Q

What is vital staining required for?

A

To identify and count viable cells.

52
Q

METHOD FOR HAEMOCYTOMETER

A
53
Q

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

A
54
Q

AFFINITY CHROMOTOGRAPHY

A
55
Q

USE OF CENTRIFUGE

A
56
Q

METHOD FOR COLORIMETER

A
57
Q

PRODUCTION OF STANDARD CURVE

A
58
Q

METHOD OF LOG DILUTIONS

A
59
Q

METHOD OF LINEAR DILUTIONS

A

advanced higher biology (33 decks)

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